Christian Classics
‹ Summa Theologica
Contents
Question. 1 - The Nature and Extent of Sacred Doctrine (Ten Articles)Article. 1 - Whether, besides philosophy, any further doctrine is required?Article. 2 - Whether sacred doctrine is a science?Article. 3 - Whether sacred doctrine is one science?Article. 4 - Whether sacred doctrine is a practical science?Article. 5 - Whether sacred doctrine is nobler than other sciences?Article. 6 - Whether this doctrine is the same as wisdom?Article. 7 - Whether God is the object of this science?Article. 8 - Whether sacred doctrine is a matter of argument?Article. 9 - Whether Holy Scripture should use metaphors?Article. 10 - Whether in Holy Scripture a word may have several senses?Question. 2 - The Existence of God (Three Articles)Article. 1 - Whether the existence of God is self-evident?Article. 2 - Whether it can be demonstrated that God exists?Article. 3 - Whether God exists?Question. 3 - OF THE SIMPLICITY OF GOD (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether God is a body?Article. 2 - Whether God is composed of matter and form?Article. 3 - Whether God is the same as His essence or nature?Article. 4 - Whether essence and existence are the same in God?Article. 5 - Whether God is contained in a genus?Article. 6 - Whether in God there are any accidents?Article. 7 - Whether God is altogether simple?Article. 8 - Whether God enters into the composition of other things?Question. 4 - THE PERFECTION OF GOD (THREE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether God is perfect?Article. 2 - Whether the perfections of all things are in God?Article. 3 - Whether any creature can be like God?Question. 5 - OF GOODNESS IN GENERAL (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether goodness differs really from being?Article. 2 - Whether goodness is prior in idea to being?Article. 3 - Whether every being is good?Article. 4 - Whether goodness has the aspect of a final cause?Article. 5 - Whether the essence of goodness consists in mode, species and order?Article. 6 - Whether goodness is rightly divided into the virtuous*, the useful and the pleasant? [*“Bonum honestum” is the virtuous good considered as fitting. (cf. SS, Q[141], A[3]; SS, Q[145])]Article. 1 - Whether God is good?Article. 2 - Whether God is the supreme good?Article. 3 - Whether to be essentially good belongs to God alone?Article. 4 - Whether all things are good by the divine goodness?Question. 7 - THE INFINITY OF GOD (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether God is infinite?Article. 2 - Whether anything but God can be essentially infinite?Article. 3 - Whether an actually infinite magnitude can exist?Article. 4 - Whether an infinite multitude can exist?Question. 8 - THE EXISTENCE OF GOD IN THINGS (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether God is in all things?Article. 2 - Whether God is everywhere?Article. 3 - Whether God is everywhere by essence, presence and power?Article. 4 - Whether to be everywhere belongs to God alone?Article. 1 - Whether God is altogether immutable?Article. 2 - Whether to be immutable belongs to God alone?Article. 1 - Whether this is a good definition of eternity, “The simultaneously-whole and perfect possession of interminable life”?Article. 2 - Whether God is eternal?Article. 3 - Whether to be eternal belongs to God alone?Article. 4 - Whether eternity differs from time?Article. 5 - The difference of aeviternity and timeArticle. 6 - Whether there is only one aeviternity?Article. 1 - Whether “one” adds anything to “being”?Article. 2 - Whether “one” and “many” are opposed to each other?Article. 3 - Whether God is one?Article. 4 - Whether God is supremely one?Question. 12 - HOW GOD IS KNOWN BY US (THIRTEEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether any created intellect can see the essence of God?Article. 2 - Whether the essence of God is seen by the created intellect through an image?Article. 3 - Whether the essence of God can be seen with the bodily eye?Article. 4 - Whether any created intellect by its natural powers can see the Divine essence?Article. 5 - Whether the created intellect needs any created light in order to see the essence of God?Article. 6 - Whether of those who see the essence of God, one sees more perfectly than another?Article. 7 - Whether those who see the essence of God comprehend Him?Article. 8 - Whether those who see the essence of God see all in God?Article. 9 - Whether what is seen in God by those who see the Divine essence, is seen through any similitude?Article. 10 - Whether those who see the essence of God see all they see in it at the same time?Article. 11 - Whether anyone in this life can see the essence of God?Article. 12 - Whether God can be known in this life by natural reason?Article. 13 - Whether by grace a higher knowledge of God can be obtained than by natural reason?Question. 13 - THE NAMES OF GOD (TWELVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether a name can be given to God?Article. 2 - Whether any name can be applied to God substantially?Article. 3 - Whether any name can be applied to God in its literal sense?Article. 4 - Whether names applied to God are synonymous?Article. 5 - Whether what is said of God and of creatures is univocally predicated of them?Article. 6 - Whether names predicated of God are predicated primarily of creatures?Article. 7 - Whether names which imply relation to creatures are predicated of God temporally?Article. 8 - Whether this name “God” is a name of the nature?Article. 9 - Whether this name “God” is communicable?Article. 10 - Whether this name “God” is applied to God univocally by nature, by participation, and according to opinion?Article. 11 - Whether this name, HE WHO IS, is the most proper name of God?Article. 12 - Whether affirmative propositions can be formed about God?Question. 14 - OF GOD’S KNOWLEDGE (SIXTEEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether there is knowledge [*Scientia]?Article. 2 - Whether God understands Himself?Article. 3 - Whether God comprehends Himself?Article. 4 - Whether the act of God’s intellect is His substance?Article. 5 - Whether God knows things other than Himself?Article. 6 - Whether God knows things other than Himself by proper knowledge?Article. 7 - Whether the knowledge of God is discursive?Article. 8 - Whether the knowledge of God is the cause of things?Article. 9 - Whether God has knowledge of things that are not?Article. 10 - Whether God knows evil things?Article. 11 - Whether God knows singular things?Article. 12 - Whether God can know infinite things?Article. 13 - Whether the knowledge of God is of future contingent things?Article. 14 - Whether God knows enunciable things?Article. 15 - Whether the knowledge of God is variable?Article. 16 - Whether God has a speculative knowledge of things?Article. 1 - Whether there are ideas?Article. 2 - Whether ideas are many?Article. 3 - Whether there are ideas of all things that God knows?Question. 16 - OF TRUTH (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether truth resides only in the intellect?Article. 2 - Whether truth resides only in the intellect composing and dividing?Article. 3 - Whether the true and being are convertible terms?Article. 4 - Whether good is logically prior to the true?Article. 5 - Whether God is truth?Article. 6 - Whether there is only one truth, according to which all things are true?Article. 7 - Whether created truth is eternal?Article. 8 - Whether truth is immutable?Article. 1 - Whether falsity exists in things?Article. 2 - Whether there is falsity in the senses?Article. 3 - Whether falsity is in the intellect?Article. 4 - Whether true and false are contraries?Article. 1 - Whether to live belongs to all natural things?Article. 2 - Whether life is an operation?Article. 3 - Whether life is properly attributed to God?Article. 4 - Whether all things are life in God?Question. 19 - THE WILL OF GOD (TWELVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether there is will in God?Article. 2 - Whether God wills things apart from Himself?Article. 3 - Whether whatever God wills He wills necessarily?Article. 4 - Whether the will of God is the cause of things?Article. 5 - Whether any cause can be assigned to the divine will?Article. 6 - Whether the will of God is always fulfilled?Article. 7 - Whether the will of God is changeable?Article. 8 - Whether the will of God imposes necessity on the things willed?Article. 9 - Whether God wills evils?Article. 10 - Whether God has free-will?Article. 11 - Whether the will of expression is to be distinguished in God?Article. 12 - Whether five expressions of will are rightly assigned to the divine will?Question. 20 - GOD'S LOVE (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether love exists in God?Article. 2 - Whether God loves all things?Article. 3 - Whether God loves all things equally?Article. 4 - Whether God always loves more the better things?Article. 1 - Whether there is justice in God?Article. 2 - Whether the justice of God is truth?Article. 3 - Whether mercy can be attributed to God?Article. 4 - Whether in every work of God there are mercy and justice?Question. 22 - THE PROVIDENCE OF GOD (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether providence can suitably be attributed to God?Article. 2 - Whether everything is subject to the providence of God?Article. 3 - Whether God has immediate providence over everything?Article. 4 - Whether providence imposes any necessity on things foreseen?Question. 23 - OF PREDESTINATION (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether men are predestined by God?Article. 2 - Whether predestination places anything in the predestined?Article. 3 - Whether God reprobates any man?Article. 4 - Whether the predestined are chosen by God? [*“Eligantur.”]Article. 5 - Whether the foreknowledge of merits is the cause of predestination?Article. 6 - Whether predestination is certain?Article. 7 - Whether the number of the predestined is certain?Article. 8 - Whether predestination can be furthered by the prayers of the saints?Article. 1 - Whether the book of life is the same as predestination?Article. 2 - Whether the book of life regards only the life of glory of the predestined?Article. 3 - Whether anyone may be blotted out of the book of life?Question. 25 - THE POWER OF GOD (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether there is power in God?Article. 2 - Whether the power of God is infinite?Article. 3 - Whether God is omnipotent?Article. 4 - Whether God can make the past not to have been?Article. 5 - Whether God can do what He does not?Article. 6 - Whether God can do better than what He does?Question. 26 - OF THE DIVINE BEATITUDE (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether beatitude belongs to God?Article. 2 - Whether God is called blessed in respect of His intellect?Article. 3 - Whether God is the beatitude of each of the blessed?Article. 4 - Whether all other beatitude is included in the beatitude of God?Question. 27 - The Procession of the Divine Persons (Five Articles)Article. 1 - Whether there is procession in God?Article. 2 - Whether any procession in God can be called generation?Article. 3 - Whether any other procession exists in God besides that of the Word?Article. 4 - Whether the procession of love in God is generation?Article. 5 - Whether there are more than two processions in God?Article. 1 - Whether there are real relations in God?Article. 2 - Whether relation in God is the same as His essence?Article. 3 - Whether the relations in God are really distinguished from each other?Article. 4 - Whether in God there are only four real relations---paternity, filiation, spiration, and procession?Question. 29 - THE DIVINE PERSONS (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - The definition of “person”Article. 2 - Whether “person” is the same as hypostasis, subsistence, and essence?Article. 3 - Whether the word “person” should be said of God?Article. 4 - Whether this word “person” signifies relation?Article. 1 - Whether there are several persons in God?Article. 2 - Whether there are more than three persons in God?Article. 3 - Whether the numeral terms denote anything real in God?Article. 4 - Whether this term “person” can be common to the three persons?Question. 31 - OF WHAT BELONGS TO THE UNITY OR PLURALITY IN GOD (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether there is trinity in God?Article. 2 - Whether the Son is other than the Father?Article. 3 - Whether the exclusive word “alone” should be added to the essential term in God?Article. 4 - Whether an exclusive diction can be joined to the personal term?Article. 1 - Whether the trinity of the divine persons can be known by natural reason?Article. 2 - Whether there are notions in God?Article. 3 - Whether there are five notions?Article. 4 - Whether it is lawful to have various contrary opinions of notions?Question. 33 - OF THE PERSON OF THE FATHER (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether it belongs to the Father to be the principle?Article. 2 - Whether this name “Father” is properly the name of a divine person?Article. 3 - Whether this name “Father” is applied to God, firstly as a personal name?Article. 4 - Whether it is proper to the Father to be unbegotten?Question. 34 - OF THE PERSON OF THE SON (THREE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether Word in God is a personal name?Article. 2 - Whether “Word” is the Son's proper name?Article. 3 - Whether the name “Word” imports relation to creatures?Article. 1 - Whether image in God is said personally?Article. 2 - Whether the name of Image is proper to the Son?Question. 36 - OF THE PERSON OF THE HOLY GHOST (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether this name “Holy Ghost” is the proper name of one divine person?Article. 2 - Whether the Holy Ghost proceeds from the Son?Article. 3 - Whether the Holy Ghost proceeds from the Father through the Son?Article. 4 - Whether the Father and the Son are one principle of the Holy Ghost?Article. 1 - Whether “Love” is the proper name of the Holy Ghost?Article. 2 - Whether the Father and the Son love each other by the Holy Ghost?Article. 1 - Whether 'Gift' is a personal name?Article. 2 - Whether 'Gift' is the proper name of the Holy Ghost?Question. 39 - OF THE PERSONS IN RELATION TO THE ESSENCE (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether in God the essence is the same as the person?Article. 2 - Whether it must be said that the three persons are of one essence?Article. 3 - Whether essential names should be predicated in the singular of the three persons?Article. 4 - Whether the concrete essential names can stand for the person?Article. 5 - Whether abstract essential names can stand for the person?Article. 6 - Whether the persons can be predicated of the essential terms?Article. 7 - Whether the essential names should be appropriated to the persons?Article. 8 - Whether the essential attributes are appropriated to the persons in a fitting manner by the holy doctors?Question. 40 - OF THE PERSONS AS COMPARED TO THE RELATIONS OR PROPERTIES (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether relation is the same as person?Article. 2 - Whether the persons are distinguished by the relations?Article. 3 - Whether the hypostases remain if the relations are mentally abstracted from the persons?Article. 4 - Whether the properties presuppose the notional acts?Question. 41 - OF THE PERSONS IN REFERENCE TO THE NOTIONAL ACTS (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the notional acts are to be attributed to the persons?Article. 2 - Whether the notional acts are voluntary?Article. 3 - Whether the notional acts proceed from something?Article. 4 - Whether in God there is a power in respect of the notional acts?Article. 5 - Whether the power of begetting signifies a relation, and not the essence?Article. 6 - Whether several persons can be the term of one notional act?Question. 42 - OF EQUALITY AND LIKENESS AMONG THE DIVINE PERSONS (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether there is equality in God?Article. 2 - Whether the person proceeding is co-eternal with His principle, as the Son with the Father?Article. 3 - Whether in the divine persons there exists an order of nature?Article. 4 - Whether the Son is equal to the Father in greatness?Article. 5 - Whether the Son is in the Father, and conversely?Article. 6 - Whether the Son is equal to the Father in power?Question. 43 - THE MISSION OF THE DIVINE PERSONS (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether a divine person can be properly sent?Article. 2 - Whether mission is eternal, or only temporal?Article. 3 - Whether the invisible mission of the divine person is only according to the gift of sanctifying grace?Article. 4 - Whether the Father can be fittingly sent?Article. 5 - Whether it is fitting for the Son to be sent invisibly?Article. 6 - Whether the invisible mission is to all who participate grace?Article. 7 - Whether it is fitting for the Holy Ghost to be sent visibly?Article. 8 - Whether a divine person is sent only by the person whence He proceeds eternally?Question. 44 - The Procession of Creatures From God, and of the First Cause of all Things (Four Articles)Article. 1 - Whether it is necessary that every being be created by God?Article. 2 - Whether primary matter is created by God?Article. 3 - Whether the exemplar cause is anything besides God?Article. 4 - Whether God is the final cause of all things?Question. 45 - THE MODE OF EMANATION OF THINGS FROM THE FIRST PRINCIPLE (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether to create is to make something from nothing?Article. 2 - Whether God can create anything?Article. 3 - Whether creation is anything in the creature?Article. 4 - Whether to be created belongs to composite and subsisting things?Article. 5 - Whether it belongs to God alone to create?Article. 6 - Whether to create is proper to any person?Article. 7 - Whether in creatures is necessarily found a trace of the Trinity?Article. 8 - Whether creation is mingled with works of nature and art?Article. 1 - Whether the universe of creatures always existed?Article. 2 - Whether it is an article of faith that the world began?Article. 3 - Whether the creation of things was in the beginning of time?Question. 47 - Of The Distinctionn of Things In General (Three Articles)Article. 1 - Whether the multitude and distinction of things come from God?Article. 2 - Whether the inequality of things is from God?Article. 3 - Whether there is only one world?Question. 48 - The Distinction of Things in Particular (Six Articles)Article. 1 - Whether evil is a nature?Article. 2 - Whether evil is found in things?Article. 3 - Whether evil is in good as in its subject?Article. 4 - Whether evil corrupts the whole good?Article. 5 - Whether evil is adequately divided into pain* and fault?Article. 6 - Whether pain has the nature of evil more than fault has?Article. 1 - Whether good can be the cause of evil?Article. 2 - Whether the supreme good, God, is the cause of evil?Article. 3 - Whether there be one supreme evil which is the cause of every evil?Question. 50 - Of The Substance of The Angels Absolutely Considered (Five Articles)Article. 1 - Whether an angel is altogether incorporeal?Article. 2 - Whether an angel is composed of matter and form?Article. 3 - Whether the angels exist in any great number?Article. 4 - Whether the angels differ in species?Article. 5 - Whether the angels are incorruptible?Question. 51 - OF THE ANGELS IN COMPARISON WITH BODIES (THREE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the angels have bodies naturally united to them?Article. 2 - Whether angels assume bodies?Article. 3 - Whether the angels exercise functions of life in the bodies assumed?Article. 1 - Whether an angel is in a place?Article. 2 - Whether an angel can be in several places at once?Article. 3 - Whether several angels can be at the same time in the same place?Article. 1 - Whether an angel can be moved locally?Article. 2 - Whether an angel passes through intermediate space?Article. 3 - Whether the movement of an angel is instantaneous?Question. 54 - OF THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE ANGELS (FIVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether an angel's act of understanding is his substance?Article. 2 - Whether in the angel to understand is to exist?Article. 3 - Whether an angel's power of intelligence is his essence?Article. 4 - Whether there is an active and a passive intellect in an angel?Article. 5 - Whether there is only intellectual knowledge in the angels?Question. 55 - OF THE MEDIUM OF THE ANGELIC KNOWLEDGE (THREE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the angels know all things by their substance?Article. 2 - Whether the angels understand by species drawn from things?Article. 3 - Whether the higher angels understand by more universal species than the lower angels?Question. 56 - OF THE ANGEL'S KNOWLEDGE OF IMMATERIAL THINGS (THREE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether an angel knows himself?Article. 2 - Whether one angel knows another?Article. 3 - Whether an angle knows God by his own natural principles?Article. 1 - Whether the angels know material things?Article. 2 - Whether an angel knows singulars?Article. 3 - Whether angels know the future?Article. 4 - Whether angels know secret thoughts?Article. 5 - Whether the angels know the mysteries of grace?Question. 58 - OF THE MODE OF ANGELIC KNOWLEDGE (SEVEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the angel's intellect is sometimes in potentiality, sometimes in act?Article. 2 - Whether an angel can understand many things at the same time?Article. 3 - Whether an angel's knowledge is discursive?Article. 4 - Whether the angels understand by composing and dividing?Article. 5 - Whether there can be falsehood in the intellect of an angel?Article. 6 - Whether there is a 'morning' and an 'evening' knowledge in the angels?Article. 7 - Whether the morning and evening knowledge are one?Question. 59 - THE WILL OF THE ANGELS (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether there is will in the angels?Article. 2 - Whether in the angels the will differs from the intellect?Article. 3 - Whether there is free-will in the angels?Article. 4 - Whether there is an irascible and a concupiscible appetite in the angels?Question. 60 - OF THE LOVE OR DILECTION OF THE ANGELS (FIVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether there is natural love or dilection in an angel?Article. 2 - Whether there is love of choice in the angels?Article. 3 - Whether the angel loves himself with both natural love, and love of choice?Article. 4 - Whether an angel loves another with natural love as he loves himself?Article. 5 - Whether an angel by natural love loves God more than he loves himself?Question. 61 - OF THE PRODUCTION OF THE ANGELS IN THE ORDER OF NATURAL BEING (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the angels have a cause of their existence?Article. 2 - Whether the angel was produced by God from eternity?Article. 3 - Whether the angels were created before the corporeal world?Article. 4 - Whether the angels were created in the empyrean heaven?Question. 62 - OF THE PERFECTION OF THE ANGELS IN THE ORDER OF GRACE AND OF GLORY (NINE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the angels were created in beatitude?Article. 2 - Whether an angel needs grace in order to turn to God?Article. 3 - Whether the angels were created in grace?Article. 4 - Whether an angel merits his beatitude?Article. 5 - Whether the angel obtained beatitude immediately after one act of merit?Article. 6 - Whether the angels receive grace and glory according to the degree of their natural gifts?Article. 7 - Whether natural knowledge and love remain in the beatified angels?Article. 8 - Whether a beatified angel can sin?Article. 9 - Whether the beatified angels advance in beatitude?Question. 63 - THE MALICE OF THE ANGELS WITH REGARD TO SIN (NINE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the evil of fault can be in the angels?Article. 2 - Whether only the sin of pride and envy can exist in an angel?Article. 3 - Whether the devil desired to be as God?Article. 4 - Whether any demons are naturally wicked?Article. 5 - Whether the devil was wicked by the fault of his own will in the first instant of his creation?Article. 6 - Whether there was any interval between the creation and the fall of the angel?Article. 7 - Whether the highest angel among those who sinned was the highest of all?Article. 8 - Whether the sin of the highest angel was the cause of the others sinning?Article. 9 - Whether those who sinned were as many as those who remained firm?Article. 1 - Whether the demons' intellect is darkened by privation of the knowledge of all truth?Article. 2 - Whether the will of the demons is obstinate in evil?Article. 3 - Whether there is sorrow in the demons?Article. 4 - Whether our atmosphere is the demons' place of punishment?Question. 65 - The Work of Creation of Corporeal Creatures (Four Articles)Article. 1 - Whether corporeal creatures are from God?Article. 2 - Whether corporeal things were made on account of God's goodness?Article. 3 - Whether corporeal creatures were produced by God through the medium of the angels?Article. 4 - Whether the forms of bodies are from the angels?Question. 66 - ON THE ORDER OF CREATION TOWARDS DISTINCTION (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether formlessness of created matter preceded in time its formation?Article. 2 - Whether the formless matter of all corporeal things is the same?Article. 3 - Whether the empyrean heaven was created at the same time as formless matter?Article. 4 - Whether time was created simultaneously with formless matter?Question. 67 - ON THE WORK OF DISTINCTION IN ITSELF (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the word 'light' is used in its proper sense in speaking of spiritual things?Article. 2 - Whether light is a body?Article. 3 - Whether light is a quality?Article. 4 - Whether the production of light is fittingly assigned to the first day?Article. 1 - Whether the firmament was made on the second day?Article. 2 - Whether there are waters above the firmament?Article. 3 - Whether the firmament divides waters from waters?Article. 4 - Whether there is only one heaven?Article. 1 - Whether it was fitting that the gathering together of the waters should take place, as recorded, on the third day?Article. 2 - Whether it was fitting that the production of plants should take place on the third day?Question. 70 - OF THE WORK OF ADORNMENT, AS REGARDS THE FOURTH DAY (THREE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the lights ought to have been produced on the fourth day?Article. 2 - Whether the cause assigned for the production of the lights is reasonable?Article. 3 - Whether the lights of heaven are living beings?Question. 71 - ON THE WORK OF THE FIFTH DAY (ONE ARTICLE)Question. 72 - ON THE WORK OF THE SIXTH DAY (ONE ARTICLE)Article. 1 - Whether the completion of the Divine works ought to be ascribed to the seventh day?Article. 2 - Whether God rested on the seventh day from all His work?Article. 3 - Whether blessing and sanctifying are due to the seventh day?Article. 1 - Whether these days are sufficiently enumerated?Article. 2 - Whether all these days are one day?Article. 3 - Whether Scripture uses suitable words to express the work of the six days?Question. 75 - Of Man Who is Composed of a Spiritual and a Corporeal Substance: And in the First Place, Concerning What Belongs to the Essence of the Soul (Seven Articles)Article. 1 - Whether the soul is a body?Article. 2 - Whether the human soul is something subsistent?Article. 3 - Whether the souls of brute animals are subsistent?Article. 4 - Whether the soul is man?Article. 5 - Whether the soul is composed of matter and form?Article. 6 - Whether the human soul is incorruptible?Article. 7 - Whether the soul is of the same species as an angel?Question. 76 - OF THE UNION OF BODY AND SOUL (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the intellectual principle is united to the body as its form?Article. 2 - Whether the intellectual principle is multiplied according to the number of bodies?Article. 3 - Whether besides the intellectual soul there are in man other souls essentially different from one another?Article. 4 - Whether in man there is another form besides the intellectual soul?Article. 5 - Whether the intellectual soul is properly united to such a body?Article. 6 - Whether the intellectual soul is united to the body through the medium of accidental dispositions?Article. 7 - Whether the soul is united to the animal body by means of a body?Article. 8 - Whether the soul is in each part of the body?Question. 77 - OF THOSE THINGS WHICH BELONG TO THE POWERS OF THE SOUL IN GENERAL (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the essence of the soul is its power?Article. 2 - Whether there are several powers of the soul?Article. 3 - Whether the powers are distinguished by their acts and objects?Article. 4 - Whether among the powers of the soul there is order?Article. 5 - Whether all the powers of the soul are in the soul as their subject?Article. 6 - Whether the powers of the soul flow from its essence?Article. 7 - Whether one power of the soul arises from another?Article. 8 - Whether all the powers remain in the soul when separated from the body?Question. 78 - OF THE SPECIFIC POWERS OF THE SOUL (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether there are to be distinguished five genera of powers in the soul?Article. 2 - Whether the parts of the vegetative soul are fittingly described as the nutritive, augmentative, and generative?Article. 3 - Whether the five exterior senses are properly distinguished?Article. 4 - Whether the interior senses are suitably distinguished?Question. 79 - OF THE INTELLECTUAL POWERS (THIRTEEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the intellect is a power of the soul?Article. 2 - Whether the intellect is a passive power?Article. 3 - Whether there is an active intellect?Article. 4 - Whether the active intellect is something in the soul?Article. 5 - Whether the active intellect is one in all?Article. 6 - Whether memory is in the intellectual part of the soul?Article. 7 - Whether the intellectual memory is a power distinct from the intellect?Article. 8 - Whether the reason is distinct from the intellect?Article. 9 - Whether the higher and lower reason are distinct powers?Article. 10 - Whether intelligence is a power distinct from intellect?Article. 11 - Whether the speculative and practical intellects are distinct powers?Article. 12 - Whether synderesis is a special power of the soul distinct from the others?Article. 13 - Whether conscience be a power?Question. 80 - OF THE APPETITIVE POWERS IN GENERAL (TWO ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the appetite is a special power of the soul?Article. 2 - Whether the sensitive and intellectual appetites are distinct powers?Article. 1 - Whether sensuality is only appetitive?Article. 2 - Whether the sensitive appetite is divided into the irascible and concupiscible as distinct powers?Article. 3 - Whether the irascible and concupiscible appetites obey reason?Article. 1 - Whether the will desires something of necessity?Article. 2 - Whether the will desires of necessity, whatever it desires?Article. 3 - Whether the will is a higher power than the intellect?Article. 4 - Whether the will moves the intellect?Article. 5 - Whether we should distinguish irascible and concupiscible parts in the superior appetite?Article. 1 - Whether man has free-will?Article. 2 - Whether free-will is a power?Article. 3 - Whether free-will is an appetitive power?Article. 4 - Whether free-will is a power distinct from the will?Question. 84 - HOW THE SOUL WHILE UNITED TO THE BODY UNDERSTANDS CORPOREAL THINGS BENEATH IT (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the soul knows bodies through the intellect?Article. 2 - Whether the soul understands corporeal things through its essence?Article. 3 - Whether the soul understands all things through innate species?Article. 4 - Whether the intelligible species are derived by the soul from certain separate forms?Article. 5 - Whether the intellectual soul knows material things in the eternal types?Article. 6 - Whether intellectual knowledge is derived from sensible things?Article. 7 - Whether the intellect can actually understand through the intelligible species of which it is possessed, without turning to the phantasms?Article. 8 - Whether the judgment of the intellect is hindered through suspension of the sensitive powers?Question. 85 - OF THE MODE AND ORDER OF UNDERSTANDING (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether our intellect understands corporeal and material things by abstraction from phantasms?Article. 2 - Whether the intelligible species abstracted from the phantasm is related to our intellect as that which is understood?Article. 3 - Whether the more universal is first in our intellectual cognition?Article. 4 - Whether we can understand many things at the same time?Article. 5 - Whether our intellect understands by composition and division?Article. 6 - Whether the intellect can be false?Article. 7 - Whether one person can understand one and the same thing better than another can?Article. 8 - Whether the intellect understands the indivisible before the divisible?Article. 1 - Whether our intellect knows singulars?Article. 2 - Whether our intellect can know the infinite?Article. 3 - Whether our intellect can know contingent things?Article. 4 - Whether our intellect can know the future?Question. 87 - HOW THE INTELLECTUAL SOUL KNOWS ITSELF AND ALL WITHIN ITSELF (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the intellectual soul knows itself by its essence?Article. 2 - Whether our intellect knows the habits of the soul by their essence?Article. 3 - Whether our intellect knows its own act?Article. 4 - Whether the intellect understands the act of the will?Question. 88 - HOW THE HUMAN SOUL KNOWS WHAT IS ABOVE ITSELF (THREE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the human soul in the present state of life can understand immaterial substances in themselves?Article. 2 - Whether our intellect can understand immaterial substances through its knowledge of material things?Article. 3 - Whether God is the first object known by the human mind?Question. 89 - OF THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE SEPARATED SOUL (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the separated soul can understand anything?Article. 2 - Whether the separated soul understands separate substances?Article. 3 - Whether the separated soul knows all natural things?Article. 4 - Whether the separated soul knows singulars?Article. 5 - Whether the habit of knowledge here acquired remains in the separated soul?Article. 6 - Whether the act of knowledge acquired here remains in the separated soul?Article. 7 - Whether local distance impedes the knowledge in the separated soul?Article. 8 - Whether separated souls know that takes place on earth?Question. 90 - OF THE FIRST PRODUCTION OF MAN'S SOUL (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the soul was made or was of God's substance?Article. 2 - Whether the soul was produced by creation?Article. 3 - Whether the rational soul is produced by God immediately?Article. 4 - Whether the human soul was produced before the body?Article. 1 - Whether the body of the first man was made of the slime of the earth?Article. 2 - Whether the human body was immediately produced by God?Article. 3 - Whether the body of man was given an apt disposition?Article. 4 - Whether the production of the human body is fittingly described in Scripture?Article. 1 - Whether the woman should have been made in the first production of things?Article. 2 - Whether woman should have been made from man?Article. 3 - Whether the woman was fittingly made from the rib of man?Article. 4 - Whether the woman was formed immediately by God?Question. 93 - THE END OR TERM OF THE PRODUCTION OF MAN (NINE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the image of God is in man?Article. 2 - Whether the image of God is to be found in irrational creatures?Article. 3 - Whether the angels are more to the image of God than man is?Article. 4 - Whether the image of God is found in every man?Article. 5 - Whether the image of God is in man according to the Trinity of Persons?Article. 6 - Whether the image of God is in man as regards the mind only?Article. 7 - Whether the image of God is to be found in the acts of the soul?Article. 8 - Whether the image of the Divine Trinity is in the soul only by comparison with God as its object?Article. 9 - Whether 'likeness' is properly distinguished from 'image'?Question. 94 - OF THE STATE AND CONDITION OF THE FIRST MAN AS REGARDS HIS INTELLECT (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the first man saw God through His Essence?Article. 2 - Whether Adam in the state of innocence saw the angels through their essence?Article. 3 - Whether the first man knew all things?Article. 4 - Whether man in his first state could be deceived?Question. 95 - OF THINGS PERTAINING TO THE FIRST MAN'S WILL---NAMELY, GRACE AND RIGHTEOUSNESS (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the first man was created in grace?Article. 2 - Whether passions existed in the soul of the first man?Article. 3 - Whether Adam had all the virtues?Article. 4 - Whether the actions of the first man were less meritorious than ours are?Question. 96 - OF THE MASTERSHIP BELONGING TO MAN IN THE STATE OF INNOCENCE (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether Adam in the state of innocence had mastership over the animals?Article. 2 - Whether man had mastership over all other creatures?Article. 3 - Whether men were equal in the state of innocence?Article. 4 - Whether in the state of innocence man would have been master over man?Question. 97 - OF THE PRESERVATION OF THE INDIVIDUAL IN THE PRIMITIVE STATE (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether in the state of innocence man would have been immortal?Article. 2 - Whether in the state of innocence man would have been passible?Article. 3 - Whether in the state of innocence man had need of food?Article. 4 - Whether in the state of innocence man would have acquired immortality by the tree of life?Article. 1 - Whether in the state of innocence generation existed?Article. 2 - Whether in the state of innocence there would have been generation by coition?Question. 99 - OF THE CONDITION OF THE OFFSPRING AS TO THE BODY (TWO ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether in the state of innocence children would have had perfect strength of body as to the use of its members immediately after birth?Article. 2 - Whether, in the primitive state, women would have been born?Article. 1 - Whether men would have been born in a state of righteousness?Article. 2 - Whether in the state of innocence children would have been born confirmed in righteousness?Article. 1 - Whether in the state of innocence children would have been born with perfect knowledge?Article. 2 - Whether children would have had perfect use of reason at birth?Article. 1 - Whether paradise is a corporeal place?Article. 2 - Whether paradise was a place adapted to be the abode of man?Article. 3 - Whether man was placed in paradise to dress it and keep it?Article. 4 - Whether man was created in paradise?Question. 103 - Of the Government of Things in General (Eight Articles)Article. 1 - Whether the world is governed by anyone?Article. 2 - Whether the end of the government of the world is something outside the world?Article. 3 - Whether the world is governed by one?Article. 4 - Whether the effect of government is one or many?Article. 5 - Whether all things are subject to the Divine government?Article. 6 - Whether all things are immediately governed by God?Article. 7 - Whether anything can happen outside the order of the Divine government?Article. 8 - Whether anything can resist the order of the Divine government?Article. 1 - Whether creatures need to be kept in being by God?Article. 2 - Whether God preserves every creature immediately?Article. 3 - Whether God can annihilate anything?Article. 4 - Whether anything is annihilated?Question. 105 - OF THE CHANGE OF CREATURES BY GOD (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether God can move the matter immediately to the form?Article. 2 - Whether God can move a body immediately?Article. 3 - Whether God moves the created intellect immediately?Article. 4 - Whether God can move the created will?Article. 5 - Whether God works in every agent?Article. 6 - Whether God can do anything outside the established order of nature?Article. 7 - Whether whatever God does outside the natural order is miraculous?Article. 8 - Whether one miracle is greater than another?Question. 106 - HOW ONE CREATURE MOVES ANOTHER (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether one angel enlightens another?Article. 2 - Whether one angel moves another angel's will?Article. 3 - Whether an inferior angel can enlighten a superior angel?Article. 4 - Whether the superior angel enlightens the inferior as regards all he himself knows?Question. 107 - THE SPEECH OF THE ANGELS (FIVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether one angel speaks to another?Article. 2 - Whether the inferior angel speaks to the superior?Article. 3 - Whether an angel speaks to God?Article. 4 - Whether local distance influences the angelic speech?Article. 5 - Whether all the angels know what one speaks to another?Question. 108 - OF THE ANGELIC DEGREES OF HIERARCHIES AND ORDERS (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether all the angels are of one hierarchy?Article. 2 - Whether there are several orders in one hierarchy?Article. 3 - Whether there are many angels in one order?Article. 4 - Whether the distinction of hierarchies and orders comes from the angelic nature?Article. 5 - Whether the orders of the angels are properly named?Article. 6 - Whether the grades of the orders are properly assigned?Article. 7 - Whether the orders will outlast the Day of Judgment?Article. 8 - Whether men are taken up into the angelic orders?Article. 1 - Whether there are orders among the demons?Article. 2 - Whether among the demons there is precedence?Article. 3 - Whether there is enlightenment in the demons?Article. 4 - Whether the good angels have precedence over the bad angels?Question. 110 - HOW ANGELS ACT ON BODIES (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the corporeal creature is governed by the angels?Article. 2 - Whether corporeal matter obeys the mere will of an angel?Article. 3 - Whether bodies obey the angels as regards local motion?Article. 4 - Whether angels can work miracles?Question. 111 - THE ACTION OF THE ANGELS ON MAN (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether an angel can enlighten man?Article. 2 - Whether the angels can change the will of man?Article. 3 - Whether an angel can change man's imagination?Article. 4 - Whether an angel can change the human senses?Article. 1 - Whether the angels are sent on works of ministry?Article. 2 - Whether all the angels are sent in ministry?Article. 3 - Whether all the angels who are sent, assist?Article. 4 - Whether all the angels of the second hierarchy are sent?Question. 113 - OF THE GUARDIANSHIP OF THE GOOD ANGELS (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether men are guarded by the angels?Article. 2 - Whether each man is guarded by an angel?Article. 3 - Whether to guard men belongs only to the lowest order of angels?Article. 4 - Whether angels are appointed to the guardianship of all men?Article. 5 - Whether an angel is appointed to guard a man from his birth?Article. 6 - Whether the angel guardian ever forsakes a man?Article. 7 - Whether angels grieve for the ills of those whom they guard?Article. 8 - Whether there can be strife or discord among the angels?Question. 114 - OF THE ASSAULTS OF THE DEMONS (FIVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether men are assailed by the demons?Article. 2 - Whether to tempt is proper to the devil?Article. 3 - Whether all sins are due to the temptation of the devil?Article. 4 - Whether demons can lead men astray by means of real miracles?Article. 4 - Whether a demon who is overcome by man, is for this reason hindered from making further assaults?Question. 115 - OF THE ACTION OF THE CORPOREAL CREATURE (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether a body can be active?Article. 2 - Whether there are any seminal virtues in corporeal matter?Article. 3 - Whether the heavenly bodies are the cause of what is produced in bodies here below?Article. 4 - Whether the heavenly bodies are the cause of human actions?Article. 5 - Whether heavenly bodies can act on the demons?Article. 6 - Whether heavenly bodies impose necessity on things subject to their action?Article. 1 - Whether there be such a thing as fate?Article. 2 - Whether fate is in created things?Article. 3 - Whether fate is unchangeable?Article. 4 - Whether all things are subject to fate?Question. 117 - OF THINGS PERTAINING TO THE ACTION OF MAN (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether one man can teach another?Article. 2 - Whether man can teach the angels?Article. 3 - Whether man by the power of his soul can change corporeal matter?Article. 4 - Whether the separate human soul can move bodies at least locally?Article. 1 - Whether the sensitive soul is transmitted with the semen?Article. 2 - Whether the intellectual soul is produced from the semen?Article. 3 - Whether human souls were created together at the beginning of the world?Article. 1 - Whether some part of the food is changed into true human nature?Article. 2 - Whether the semen is produced from surplus food?PrologueQuestion. 1 - OF MAN'S LAST END (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether it belongs to man to act for an end?Article. 2 - Whether it is proper to the rational nature to act for an end?Article. 3 - Whether human acts are specified by their end?Article. 4 - Whether there is one last end of human life?Article. 5 - Whether one man can have several last ends?Article. 6 - Whether man will all, whatsoever he wills, for the last end?Article. 7 - Whether all men have the same last end?Article. 8 - Whether other creatures concur in that last end?Question. 2 - OF THOSE THINGS IN WHICH MAN'S HAPPINESS CONSISTS (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether man's happiness consists in wealth?Article. 2 - Whether man's happiness consists in honors?Article. 3 - Whether man's happiness consists in fame or glory?Article. 4 - Whether man's happiness consists in power?Article. 5 - Whether man's happiness consists in any bodily good?Article. 6 - Whether man's happiness consists in pleasure?Article. 7 - Whether some good of the soul constitutes man's happiness?Article. 8 - Whether any created good constitutes man's happiness?Question. 3 - WHAT IS HAPPINESS (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether happiness is something uncreated?Article. 2 - Whether happiness is an operation?Article. 3 - Whether happiness is an operation of the sensitive part, or of the intellective part only?Article. 4 - Whether, if happiness is in the intellective part, it is an operation of the intellect or of the will?Article. 5 - Whether happiness is an operation of the speculative, or of the practical intellect?Article. 6 - Whether happiness consists in the consideration of speculative sciences?Article. 7 - Whether happiness consists in the knowledge of separate substances, namely, angels?Article. 8 - Whether man's happiness consists in the vision of the divine essence?Question. 4 - OF THOSE THINGS THAT ARE REQUIRED FOR HAPPINESS (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether delight is required for happiness?Article. 2 - Whether in happiness vision ranks before delight?Article. 3 - Whether comprehension is necessary for happiness?Article. 4 - Whether rectitude of the will is necessary for happiness?Article. 5 - Whether the body is necessary for man's happiness?Article. 6 - Whether perfection of the body is necessary for happiness?Article. 7 - Whether any external goods are necessary for happiness?Article. 8 - Whether the fellowship of friend is necessary for happiness?Question. 5 - OF THE ATTAINMENT OF HAPPINESS (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether man can attain happiness?Article. 2 - Whether one man can be happier than another?Article. 3 - Whether one can be happy in this life?Article. 4 - Whether happiness once had can be lost?Article. 5 - Whether man can attain happiness by his natural powers?Article. 6 - Whether man attains happiness through the action of some higher creature?Article. 7 - Whether any good works are necessary that man may receive happiness from God?Article. 8 - Whether every man desires happiness?Question. 6 - OF THE VOLUNTARY AND THE INVOLUNTARY (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether there is anything voluntary in human acts?Article. 2 - Whether there is anything voluntary in irrational animals?Article. 3 - Whether there can be voluntariness without any act?Article. 4 - Whether violence can be done to the will?Article. 5 - Whether violence causes involuntariness?Article. 6 - Whether fear causes involuntariness simply?Article. 7 - Whether concupiscence causes involuntariness?Article. 8 - Whether ignorance causes involuntariness?Article. 1 - Whether a circumstance is an accident of a human act?Article. 2 - Whether theologians should take note of the circumstances of human acts?Article. 3 - Whether the circumstances are properly set forth in the third book of Ethics?Article. 4 - Whether the most important circumstances are 'why' and 'in what the act consists'?Question. 8 - OF THE WILL, IN REGARD TO WHAT IT WILLS (THREE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the will is of good only?Article. 2 - Whether volition is of the end only, or also of the means?Article. 3 - Whether the will is moved by the same act to the end and to the means?Question. 9 - OF THAT WHICH MOVES THE WILL (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the will is moved by the intellect?Article. 2 - Whether the will is moved by the sensitive appetite?Article. 3 - Whether the will moves itself?Article. 4 - Whether the will is moved by an exterior principle?Article. 5 - Whether the will is moved by a heavenly body?Article. 6 - Whether the will is moved by God alone, as exterior principle?Question. 10 - OF THE MANNER IN WHICH THE WILL IS MOVED (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the will is moved to anything naturally?Article. 2 - Whether the will is moved, of necessity, by its object?Article. 3 - Whether the will is moved, of necessity, by the lower appetite?Article. 4 - Whether the will is moved of necessity by the exterior mover which is God?Article. 1 - Whether to enjoy is an act of the appetitive power?Article. 2 - Whether to enjoy belongs to the rational creature alone, or also to irrational animals?Article. 3 - Whether enjoyment is only of the last end?Article. 4 - Whether enjoyment is only of the end possessed?Question. 12 - OF INTENTION (FIVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether intention is an act of the intellect or of the will?Article. 2 - Whether intention is only of the last end?Article. 3 - Whether one can intend two things at the same time?Article. 4 - Whether intention of the end is the same act as the volition of the means?Article. 5 - Whether intention is within the competency of irrational animals?Question. 13 - OF CHOICE, WHICH IS AN ACT OF THE WILL WITH REGARD TO THE MEANS (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether choice is an act of will or of reason?Article. 2 - Whether choice is to be found in irrational animals?Article. 3 - Whether choice is only of the means, or sometimes also of the end?Article. 4 - Whether choice is of those things only that are done by us?Article. 5 - Whether choice is only of possible things?Article. 6 - Whether man chooses of necessity or freely?Question. 14 - OF COUNSEL, WHICH PRECEDES CHOICE (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether counsel is an inquiry?Article. 2 - Whether counsel is of the end, or only of the means?Article. 3 - Whether counsel is only of things that we do?Article. 4 - Whether counsel is about all things that we do?Article. 5 - Whether the process of counsel is one of analysis?Article. 6 - Whether the process of counsel is indefinite?Question. 15 - OF CONSENT, WHICH IS AN ACT OF THE WILL IN REGARD TO THE MEANS (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether consent is an act of the appetitive or of the apprehensive power?Article. 2 - Whether consent is to be found in irrational animals?Article. 3 - Whether consent is directed to the end or to the means?Article. 4 - Whether consent to the act belongs only to the higher part of the soul?Article. 1 - Whether use is an act of the will?Article. 2 - Whether use is to be found in irrational animals?Article. 3 - Whether use regards also the last end?Article. 4 - Whether use precedes choice?Question. 17 - OF THE ACTS COMMANDED BY THE WILL (NINE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether command is an act of the reason or of the will?Article. 2 - Whether command belongs to irrational animals?Article. 3 - Whether use precedes command?Article. 4 - Whether command and the commanded act are one act, or distinct?Article. 5 - Whether the act of the will is commanded?Article. 6 - Whether the act of the reason is commanded?Article. 7 - Whether the act of the sensitive appetite is commanded?Article. 8 - Whether the act of the vegetal soul is commanded?Article. 9 - Whether the acts of the external members are commanded?Question. 18 - OF THE GOOD AND EVIL OF HUMAN ACTS, IN GENERAL (ELEVEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether every human action is good, or are there evil actions?Article. 2 - Whether the good or evil of a man's action is derived from its object?Article. 3 - Whether man's action is good or evil from a circumstance?Article. 4 - Whether a human action is good or evil from its end?Article. 5 - Whether a human action is good or evil in its species?Article. 6 - Whether an action has the species of good or evil from its end?Article. 7 - Whether the species derived from the end is contained under the species derived from the object, as under its genus, or conversely?Article. 8 - Whether any action is indifferent in its species?Article. 9 - Whether an individual action can be indifferent?Article. 10 - Whether a circumstance places a moral action in the species of good or evil?Article. 11 - Whether every circumstance that makes an action better or worse, places a moral action in a species of good or evil?Question. 19 - OF THE GOODNESS AND MALICE OF THE INTERIOR ACT OF THE WILL (TEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the goodness of the will depends on the object?Article. 2 - Whether the goodness of the will depends on the object alone?Article. 3 - Whether the goodness of the will depends on reason?Article. 4 - Whether the goodness of the will depends on the eternal law?Article. 5 - Whether the will is evil when it is at variance with erring reason?Article. 6 - Whether the will is good when it abides by erring reason?Article. 7 - Whether the goodness of the will, as regards the means, depends on the intention of the end?Article. 8 - Whether the degree of goodness or malice in the will depends on the degree of good or evil in the intention?Article. 9 - Whether the goodness of the will depends on its conformity to the Divine will?Article. 10 - Whether it is necessary for the human will, in order to be good, to be conformed to the Divine will, as regards the thing willed?Question. 20 - OF GOODNESS AND MALICE IN EXTERNAL HUMAN AFFAIRS (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether goodness or malice is first in the action of the will, or in the external action?Article. 2 - Whether the whole goodness and malice of the external action depends on the goodness of the will?Article. 3 - Whether the goodness and malice of the external action are the same as those of the interior act?Article. 4 - Whether the external action adds any goodness or malice to that of the interior act?Article. 5 - Whether the consequences of the external action increase its goodness or malice?Article. 6 - Whether one and the same external action can be both good and evil?Question. 21 - OF THE CONSEQUENCES OF HUMAN ACTIONS BY REASON OF THEIR GOODNESS AND MALICE (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether a human action is right or sinful, in so far as it is good or evil?Article. 2 - Whether a human action deserves praise or blame, by reason of its being good or evil?Article. 3 - Whether a human action is meritorious or demeritorious in so far as it is good or evil?Article. 4 - Whether a human action is meritorious or demeritorious before God, according as it is good or evil?Question. 22 - OF THE SUBJECT OF THE SOUL'S PASSIONS (THREE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether any passion is in the soul?Article. 2 - Whether passion is in the appetitive rather than in the apprehensive part?Article. 3 - Whether passion is in the sensitive appetite rather than in the intellectual appetite, which is called the will?Question. 23 - HOW THE PASSIONS DIFFER FROM ONE ANOTHER (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the passions of the concupiscible part are different from those of the irascible part?Article. 2 - Whether the contrariety of the irascible passions is based on the contrariety of good and evil?Article. 3 - Whether any passion of the soul has no contrariety?Article. 4 - Whether in the same power, there are any passions, specifically different, but not contrary to one another?Question. 24 - OF GOOD AND EVIL IN THE PASSIONS OF THE SOUL (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether moral good and evil can be found in the passions of the soul?Article. 2 - Whether every passion of the soul is evil morally?Article. 3 - Whether passion increases or decreases the goodness or malice of an act?Article. 4 - Whether any passion is good or evil in its species?Article. 1 - Whether the irascible passions precede the concupiscible passions, or vice versa?Article. 2 - Whether love is the first of the concupiscible passions?Article. 3 - Whether hope is the first of the irascible passions?Article. 4 - Whether these are the four principal passions: joy, sadness, hope and fear?Question. 26 - OF THE PASSIONS OF THE SOUL IN PARTICULAR: AND FIRST, OF LOVE (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether love is in the concupiscible power?Article. 2 - Whether love is a passion?Article. 3 - Whether love is the same as dilection?Article. 4 - Whether love is properly divided into love of friendship and love of concupiscence?Article. 1 - Whether good is the only cause of love?Article. 2 - Whether knowledge is a cause of love?Article. 3 - Whether likeness is a cause of love?Article. 4 - Whether any other passion of the soul is a cause of love?Question. 28 - OF THE EFFECTS OF LOVE (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether union is an effect of love?Article. 2 - Whether mutual indwelling is an effect of love?Article. 3 - Whether ecstasy is an effect of love?Article. 4 - Whether zeal is an effect of love?Article. 5 - Whether love is a passion that wounds the lover?Article. 6 - Whether love is cause of all that the lover does?Question. 29 - OF HATRED (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether evil is the cause and object of hatred?Article. 2 - Whether love is a cause of hatred?Article. 3 - Whether hatred is stronger than love?Article. 4 - Whether a man can hate himself?Article. 5 - Whether a man can hate the truth?Article. 6 - Whether anything can be an object of universal hatred?Article. 1 - Whether concupiscence is in the sensitive appetite only?Article. 2 - Whether concupiscence is a specific passion?Article. 3 - Whether some concupiscences are natural, and some not natural?Article. 4 - Whether concupiscence is infinite?Question. 31 - OF DELIGHT CONSIDERED IN ITSELF [*Or, Pleasure] (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether delight is a passion?Article. 2 - Whether delight is in time?Article. 3 - Whether delight differs from joy?Article. 4 - Whether delight is in the intellectual appetite?Article. 5 - Whether bodily and sensible pleasures are greater than spiritual and intellectual pleasures?Article. 6 - Whether the pleasures of touch are greater than the pleasures afforded by the other senses?Article. 7 - Whether any pleasure is not natural?Article. 8 - Whether one pleasure can be contrary to another?Question. 32 - OF THE CAUSE OF PLEASURE (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether operation is the proper cause of pleasure?Article. 2 - Whether movement is a cause of pleasure?Article. 3 - Whether hope and memory causes pleasure?Article. 4 - Whether sadness causes pleasure?Article. 5 - Whether the actions of others are a cause of pleasure to us?Article. 6 - Whether doing good to another is a cause of pleasure?Article. 7 - Whether likeness is a cause of pleasure?Article. 8 - Whether wonder is a cause of pleasure?Article. 1 - Whether expansion is an effect of pleasure?Article. 2 - Whether pleasure causes thirst or desire for itself?Article. 3 - Whether pleasure hinders the use of reason?Article. 4 - Whether pleasure perfects operation?Article. 1 - Whether every pleasure is evil?Article. 2 - Whether every pleasure is good?Article. 3 - Whether any pleasure is the greatest good?Article. 4 - Whether pleasure is the measure or rule by which to judge of moral good or evil?Question. 35 - OF PAIN OR SORROW, IN ITSELF (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether pain is a passion of the soul?Article. 2 - Whether sorrow is the same as pain?Article. 3 - Whether sorrow or pain is contrary to pleasure?Article. 4 - Whether all sorrow is contrary to all pleasure?Article. 5 - Whether there is any sorrow contrary to the pleasure of contemplation?Article. 6 - Whether sorrow is to be shunned more than pleasure is to be sought?Article. 7 - Whether outward pain is greater than interior sorrow?Article. 8 - Whether there are only four species of sorrow?Question. 36 - OF THE CAUSES OF SORROW OR PAIN (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether sorrow is caused by the loss of good or by the presence of evil?Article. 2 - Whether desire is a cause of sorrow?Article. 3 - Whether the craving for unity is a cause of sorrow?Article. 4 - Whether an irresistible power is a cause of sorrow?Question. 37 - OF THE EFFECTS OF PAIN OR SORROW (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether pain deprives one of the power to learn?Article. 2 - Whether the effect of sorrow or pain is to burden the soul?Article. 3 - Whether sorrow or pain weakens all activity?Article. 4 - Whether sorrow is more harmful to the body than the other passions of the soul?Question. 38 - OF THE REMEDIES OF SORROW OR PAIN (FIVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether pain or sorrow is assuaged by every pleasure?Article. 2 - Whether pain or sorrow is assuaged by tears?Article. 3 - Whether pain or sorrow are assuaged by the sympathy of friends?Article. 4 - Whether pain and sorrow are assuaged by the contemplation of truth?Article. 5 - Whether pain and sorrow are assuaged by sleep and baths?Article. 1 - Whether all sorrow is evil?Article. 2 - Whether sorrow can be a virtuous good?Article. 3 - Whether sorrow can be a useful good?Article. 4 - Whether bodily pain is the greatest evil?Question. 40 - OF THE IRASCIBLE PASSIONS, AND FIRST, OF HOPE AND DESPAIR (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether hope is the same as desire of cupidity?Article. 2 - Whether hope is in the apprehensive or in the appetitive power?Article. 3 - Whether hope is in dumb animals?Article. 4 - Whether despair is contrary to hope?Article. 5 - Whether experience is a cause of hope?Article. 6 - Whether hope abounds in young men and drunkards?Article. 7 - Whether hope is a cause of love?Article. 8 - Whether hope is a help or a hindrance to action?Question. 41 - OF FEAR, IN ITSELF (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether fear is a passion of the soul?Article. 2 - Whether fear is a special passion?Article. 3 - Whether there is a natural fear?Article. 4 - Whether the species of fear is suitably assigned?Question. 42 - OF THE OBJECT OF FEAR (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the object of fear is good or evil?Article. 2 - Whether evil of nature is an object of fear?Article. 3 - Whether the evil of sin is an object of fear?Article. 4 - Whether fear itself can be feared?Article. 5 - Whether sudden things are especially feared?Article. 6 - Whether those things are more feared, for which there is no remedy?Article. 1 - Whether love is the cause of fear?Article. 2 - Whether defect is the cause of fear?Article. 1 - Whether fear causes contraction?Article. 2 - Whether fear makes one suitable for counsel?Article. 3 - Whether fear makes one tremble?Article. 4 - Whether fear hinders action?Article. 1 - Whether daring is contrary to fear?Article. 2 - Whether daring ensues from hope?Article. 3 - Whether some defect is a cause of daring?Article. 4 - Whether the brave are more eager at first than in the midst of danger?Question. 46 - OF ANGER, IN ITSELF (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether anger is a special passion?Article. 2 - Whether the object of anger is good or evil?Article. 3 - Whether anger is in the concupiscible faculty?Article. 4 - Whether anger requires an act of reason?Article. 5 - Whether anger is more natural than desire?Article. 6 - Whether anger is more grievous than hatred?Article. 7 - Whether anger is only towards those to whom one has an obligation of justice?Article. 8 - Whether the species of anger are suitably assigned?Question. 47 - OF THE CAUSE THAT PROVOKES ANGER, AND OF THE REMEDIES OF ANGER (FOUR ARTICLES) [*There is no further mention of these remedies in the text, except in A[4].]Article. 1 - Whether the motive of anger is always something done against the one who is angry?Article. 2 - Whether the sole motive of anger is slight or contempt?Article. 3 - Whether a man's excellence is the cause of his being angry?Article. 4 - Whether a person's defect is a reason for being more easily angry with him?Article. 1 - Whether anger causes pleasure?Article. 2 - Whether anger above all causes fervor in the heart?Article. 3 - Whether anger above all hinders the use of reason?Article. 4 - Whether anger above all causes taciturnity?Question. 49 - OF HABITS IN GENERAL, AS TO THEIR SUBSTANCE (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether habit is a quality?Article. 2 - Whether habit is a distinct species of quality?Article. 3 - Whether habit implies order to an act?Article. 4 - Whether habits are necessary?Question. 50 - OF THE SUBJECT OF HABITS (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether there is a habit in the body?Article. 2 - Whether the soul is the subject of habit in respect of its essence or in respect of its power?Article. 3 - Whether there can be any habits in the powers of the sensitive parts?Article. 4 - Whether there is any habit in the intellect?Article. 5 - Whether any habit is in the will?Article. 6 - Whether there are habits in the angels?Question. 51 - OF THE CAUSE OF HABITS, AS TO THEIR FORMATION (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether any habit is from nature?Article. 2 - Whether any habit is caused by acts?Article. 3 - Whether a habit can be caused by one act?Article. 4 - Whether any habits are infused in man by God?Article. 1 - Whether habits increase?Article. 2 - Whether habits increases by addition?Article. 3 - Whether every act increases its habit?Article. 1 - Whether a habit can be corrupted?Article. 2 - Whether a habit can diminish?Article. 3 - Whether a habit is corrupted or diminished through mere cessation from act?Article. 1 - Whether many habits can be in one power?Article. 2 - Whether habits are distinguished by their objects?Article. 3 - Whether habits are divided into good and bad?Article. 4 - Whether one habit is made up of many habits?Question. 55 - OF THE VIRTUES, AS TO THEIR ESSENCE (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether human virtue is a habit?Article. 2 - Whether human virtue is an operative habit?Article. 3 - Whether human virtue is a good habit?Article. 4 - Whether virtue is suitably defined?Question. 56 - OF THE SUBJECT OF VIRTUE (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the subject of virtue is a power of the soul?Article. 2 - Whether one virtue can be in several powers?Article. 3 - Whether the intellect can be the subject of virtue?Article. 4 - Whether the irascible and concupiscible powers are the subject of virtue?Article. 5 - Whether the sensitive powers of apprehension are the subject of virtue?Article. 6 - Whether the will can be the subject of virtue?Question. 57 - OF THE INTELLECTUAL VIRTUES (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the habits of the speculative intellect are virtues?Article. 2 - Whether there are only three habits of the speculative intellect, viz. wisdom, science and understanding?Article. 3 - Whether the intellectual habit, art, is a virtue?Article. 4 - Whether prudence is a distinct virtue from art?Article. 5 - Whether prudence is a virtue necessary to man?Article. 6 - Whether 'eubulia, synesis, and gnome' are virtues annexed to prudence? [*{euboulia, synesis, gnome}]Question. 58 - OF THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MORAL AND INTELLECTUAL VIRTUES (FIVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether every virtue is a moral virtue?Article. 2 - Whether moral virtue differs from intellectual virtue?Article. 3 - Whether virtue is adequately divided into moral and intellectual?Article. 4 - Whether there can be moral without intellectual virtue?Article. 5 - Whether there can be intellectual without moral virtue?Question. 59 - OF MORAL VIRTUE IN RELATION TO THE PASSIONS (FIVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether moral virtue is a passion?Article. 2 - Whether there can be moral virtue with passion?Article. 3 - Whether sorrow is compatible with moral virtue?Article. 4 - Whether all the moral virtues are about the passions?Article. 5 - Whether there can be moral virtue without passion?Question. 60 - HOW THE MORAL VIRTUES DIFFER FROM ONE ANOTHER (FIVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether there is only one moral virtue?Article. 2 - Whether moral virtues about operations are different from those that are about passions?Article. 3 - Whether there is only one moral virtue about operations?Article. 4 - Whether there are different moral virtues about different passions?Article. 5 - Whether the moral virtues differ in point of the various objects of the passions?Article. 1 - Whether the moral virtues should be called cardinal or principal virtues?Article. 2 - Whether there are four cardinal virtues?Article. 3 - Whether any other virtues should be called principal rather than these?Article. 4 - Whether the four cardinal virtues differ from one another?Article. 5 - Whether the cardinal virtues are fittingly divided into social virtues, perfecting, perfect, and exemplar virtues?Article. 1 - Whether there are any theological virtues?Article. 2 - Whether the theological virtues are distinct from the intellectual and moral virtues?Article. 3 - Whether faith, hope, and charity are fittingly reckoned as theological virtues?Article. 4 - Whether faith precedes hope, and hope charity?Question. 63 - OF THE CAUSE OF VIRTUES (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether virtue is in us by nature?Article. 2 - Whether any virtue is caused in us by habituation?Article. 3 - Whether any moral virtues are in us by infusion?Article. 4 - Whether virtue by habituation belongs to the same species as infused virtue?Question. 64 - OF THE MEAN OF VIRTUE (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether moral virtues observe the mean?Article. 2 - Whether the mean of moral virtue is the real mean, or the rational mean?Article. 3 - Whether the intellectual virtues observe the mean?Article. 4 - Whether the theological virtues observe the mean?Article. 1 - Whether the moral virtues are connected with one another?Article. 2 - Whether moral virtues can be without charity?Article. 3 - Whether charity can be without moral virtue?Article. 4 - Whether faith and hope can be without charity?Article. 5 - Whether charity can be without faith and hope?Question. 66 - OF EQUALITY AMONG THE VIRTUES (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether one virtue can be greater or less than another?Article. 2 - Whether all the virtues that are together in one man, are equal?Article. 3 - Whether the moral virtues are better than the intellectual virtues?Article. 4 - Whether justice is the chief of the moral virtues?Article. 5 - Whether wisdom is the greatest of the intellectual virtues?Article. 6 - Whether charity is the greatest of the theological virtues?Article. 1 - Whether the moral virtues remain after this life?Article. 2 - Whether the intellectual virtues remain after this life?Article. 3 - Whether faith remains after this life?Article. 4 - Whether hope remains after death, in the state of glory?Article. 5 - Whether anything of faith or hope remains in glory?Article. 6 - Whether charity remains after this life, in glory?Question. 68 - OF THE GIFTS (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the Gifts differ from the virtues?Article. 2 - Whether the gifts are necessary to man for salvation?Article. 3 - Whether the gifts of the Holy Ghost are habits?Article. 4 - Whether the seven gifts of the Holy Ghost are suitably enumerated?Article. 5 - Whether the gifts of the Holy Ghost are connected?Article. 6 - Whether the gifts of the Holy Ghost remain in heaven?Article. 7 - Whether the gifts are set down by Isaias in their order of dignity?Article. 8 - Whether the virtues are more excellent than the gifts?Article. 1 - Whether the beatitudes differ from the virtues and gifts?Article. 2 - Whether the rewards assigned to the beatitudes refer to this life?Article. 3 - Whether the beatitudes are suitably enumerated?Article. 4 - Whether the rewards of the beatitudes are suitably enumerated?Article. 1 - Whether the fruits of the Holy Ghost which the Apostle enumerates (Gal. 5) are acts?Article. 2 - Whether the fruits differ from the beatitudes?Article. 3 - Whether the fruits are suitably enumerated by the Apostle?Article. 4 - Whether the fruits of the Holy Ghost are contrary to the works of the flesh?Question. 71 - EVIL HABITS, i.e. VICES AND SINS (QQ[71]-89)Article. 1 - Whether vice is contrary to virtue?Article. 2 - Whether vice is contrary to nature?Article. 3 - Whether vice is worse than a vicious act?Article. 4 - Whether sin is compatible with virtue?Article. 5 - Whether every sin includes an action?Article. 6 - Whether sin is fittingly defined as a word, deed, or desire contrary to the eternal law?Question. 72 - OF THE DISTINCTION OF SINS (NINE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether sins differ in species according to their objects?Article. 2 - Whether spiritual sins are fittingly distinguished from carnal sins?Article. 3 - Whether sins differ specifically in reference to their causes?Article. 4 - Whether sin is fittingly divided into sin against God, against oneself, and against one's neighbor?Article. 5 - Whether the division of sins according to their debt of punishment diversifies their species?Article. 6 - Whether sins of commission and omission differ specifically?Article. 7 - Whether sins are fittingly divided into sins of thought, word, and deed?Article. 8 - Whether excess and deficiency diversify the species of sins?Article. 9 - Whether sins differ specifically in respect of different circumstances?Question. 73 - OF THE COMPARISON OF ONE SIN WITH ANOTHER (TEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether all sins are connected with one another?Article. 2 - Whether all sins are equal?Article. 3 - Whether the gravity of sins varies according to their objects?Article. 4 - Whether the gravity of sins depends on the excellence of the virtues to which they are opposed?Article. 5 - Whether carnal sins are of less guilt than spiritual sins?Article. 6 - Whether the gravity of a sin depends on its cause?Article. 7 - Whether a circumstance aggravates a sin?Article. 8 - Whether sin is aggravated by reason of its causing more harm?Article. 9 - Whether a sin is aggravated by reason of the condition of the person against whom it is committed?Article. 10 - Whether the excellence of the person sinning aggravates the sin?Question. 74 - OF THE SUBJECT OF SIN (TEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the will is a subject of sin?Article. 2 - Whether the will alone is the subject of sin?Article. 3 - Whether there can be sin in the sensuality?Article. 4 - Whether mortal sin can be in the sensuality?Article. 5 - Whether sin can be in the reason?Article. 6 - Whether the sin of morose delectation is in the reason?Article. 7 - Whether the sin of consent to the act is in the higher reason?Article. 8 - Whether consent to delectation is a mortal sin?Article. 9 - Whether there can be venial sin in the higher reason as directing the lower powers?Article. 10 - Whether venial sin can be in the higher reason as such?Article. 1 - Whether sin has a cause?Article. 2 - Whether sin has an internal cause?Article. 3 - Whether sin has an external cause?Article. 4 - Whether one sin is a cause of another?Question. 76 - OF THE CAUSES OF SIN, IN PARTICULAR (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether ignorance can be a cause of sin?Article. 2 - Whether ignorance is a sin?Article. 3 - Whether ignorance excuses from sin altogether?Article. 4 - Whether ignorance diminishes a sin?Question. 77 - OF THE CAUSE OF SIN, ON THE PART OF THE SENSITIVE APPETITE (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the will is moved by a passion of the senstive appetite?Article. 2 - Whether the reason can be overcome by a passion, against its knowledge?Article. 3 - Whether a sin committed through passion, should be called a sin of weakness?Article. 4 - Whether self-love is the source of every sin?Article. 5 - Whether concupiscence of the flesh, concupiscence of the eyes, and pride of life are fittingly described as causes of sin?Article. 6 - Whether sin is alleviated on account of a passion?Article. 7 - Whether passion excuses from sin altogether?Article. 8 - Whether a sin committed through passion can be mortal?Question. 78 - OF THAT CAUSE OF SIN WHICH IS MALICE (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether anyone sins through certain malice?Article. 2 - Whether everyone that sins through habit, sins through certain malice?Article. 3 - Whether one who sins through certain malice, sins through habit?Article. 4 - Whether it is more grievous to sin through certain malice than through passion?Question. 79 - OF THE EXTERNAL CAUSES OF SIN (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether God is a cause of sin?Article. 2 - Whether the act of sin is from God?Article. 3 - Whether God is the cause of spiritual blindness and hardness of heart?Article. 4 - Whether blindness and hardness of heart are directed to the salvation of those who are blinded and hardened?Question. 80 - OF THE CAUSE OF SIN, AS REGARDS THE DEVIL (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the devil is directly the cause of man's sinning?Article. 2 - Whether the devil can induce man to sin, by internal instigations?Article. 3 - Whether the devil can induce man to sin of necessity?Article. 4 - Whether all the sins of men are due to the devil's suggestion?Question. 81 - OF THE CAUSE OF SIN, ON THE PART OF MAN (FIVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the first sin of our first parent is contracted by his descendants, by way of origin?Article. 2 - Whether also other sins of the first parent or of nearer ancestors are transmitted to their descendants?Article. 3 - Whether the sin of the first parent is transmitted, by the way of origin, to all men?Article. 4 - Whether original sin would be contracted by a person formed miraculously from human flesh?Article. 5 - Whether if Eve, and not Adam, had sinned, their children would have contracted original sin?Article. 1 - Whether original sin is a habit?Article. 2 - Whether there are several original sins in one man?Article. 3 - Whether original sin is concupiscence?Article. 4 - Whether original sin is equally in all?Question. 83 - OF THE SUBJECT OF ORIGINAL SIN (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether original sin is more in the flesh than in the soul?Article. 2 - Whether original sin is in the essence of the soul rather than in the powers?Article. 3 - Whether original sin infects the will before the other powers?Article. 4 - Whether the aforesaid powers are more infected than the others?Question. 84 - OF THE CAUSE OF SIN, IN RESPECT OF ONE SIN BEING THE CAUSE OF ANOTHER (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether covetousness is the root of all sins?Article. 2 - Whether pride is the beginning of every sin?Article. 3 - Whether any other special sins, besides pride and avarice, should be called capital?Article. 4 - Whether the seven capital vices are suitably reckoned?Question. 85 - OF THE EFFECTS OF SIN, AND, FIRST, OF THE CORRUPTION OF THE GOOD OF NATURE (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether sin diminishes the good of nature?Article. 2 - Whether the entire good of human nature can be destroyed by sin?Article. 3 - Whether weakness, ignorance, malice and concupiscence are suitably reckoned as the wounds of nature consequent upon sin?Article. 4 - Whether privation of mode, species and order is the effect of sin?Article. 5 - Whether death and other bodily defects are the result of sin?Article. 6 - Whether death and other defects are natural to man?Article. 1 - Whether sin causes a stain on the soul?Article. 2 - Whether the stain remains in the soul after the act of sin?Question. 87 - OF THE DEBT OF PUNISHMENT (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the debt of punishment is an effect of sin?Article. 2 - Whether sin can be the punishment of sin?Article. 3 - Whether any sin incurs a debt of eternal punishment?Article. 4 - Whether sin incurs a debt of punishment infinite in quantity?Article. 5 - Whether every sin incurs a debt of eternal punishment?Article. 6 - Whether the debt of punishment remains after sin?Article. 7 - Whether every punishment is inflicted for a sin?Article. 8 - Whether anyone is punished for another's sin?Question. 88 - OF VENIAL AND MORTAL SIN (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether venial sin is fittingly condivided with mortal sin?Article. 2 - Whether mortal and venial sin differ generically?Article. 3 - Whether venial sin is a disposition to mortal sin?Article. 4 - Whether a venial sin can become mortal?Article. 5 - Whether a circumstance can make a venial sin to be mortal?Article. 6 - Whether a mortal sin can become venial?Question. 89 - OF VENIAL SIN IN ITSELF (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether venial sin causes a stain on the soul?Article. 2 - Whether venial sins are suitably designated as 'wood, hay, and stubble'?Article. 3 - Whether man could commit a venial sin in the state of innocence?Article. 4 - Whether a good or a wicked angel can sin venially?Article. 5 - Whether the first movements of the sensuality in unbelievers are mortal sin?Article. 6 - Whether venial sin can be in anyone with original sin alone?Question. 90 - OF THE ESSENCE OF LAW (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether law is something pertaining to reason?Article. 2 - Whether the law is always something directed to the common good?Article. 3 - Whether the reason of any man is competent to make laws?Article. 4 - Whether promulgation is essential to a law?Question. 91 - OF THE VARIOUS KINDS OF LAW (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether there is an eternal law?Article. 2 - Whether there is in us a natural law?Article. 3 - Whether there is a human law?Article. 4 - Whether there was any need for a Divine law?Article. 5 - Whether there is but one Divine law?Article. 6 - Whether there is a law in the fomes of sin?Article. 1 - Whether an effect of law is to make men good?Article. 2 - Whether the acts of law are suitably assigned?Question. 93 - OF THE ETERNAL LAW (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the eternal law is a sovereign type [*Ratio] existing in God?Article. 2 - Whether the eternal law is known to all?Article. 3 - Whether every law is derived from the eternal law?Article. 4 - Whether necessary and eternal things are subject to the eternal law?Article. 5 - Whether natural contingents are subject to the eternal law?Article. 6 - Whether all human affairs are subject to the eternal law?Question. 94 - OF THE NATURAL LAW (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the natural law is a habit?Article. 2 - Whether the natural law contains several precepts, or only one?Article. 3 - Whether all acts of virtue are prescribed by the natural law?Article. 4 - Whether the natural law is the same in all men?Article. 5 - Whether the natural law can be changed?Article. 6 - Whether the law of nature can be abolished from the heart of man?Article. 1 - Whether it was useful for laws to be framed by men?Article. 2 - Whether every human law is derived from the natural law?Article. 3 - Whether Isidore's description of the quality of positive law is appropriate?Article. 4 - Whether Isidore's division of human laws is appropriate?Question. 96 - OF THE POWER OF HUMAN LAW (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether human law should be framed for the community rather than for the individual?Article. 2 - Whether it belongs to the human law to repress all vices?Article. 3 - Whether human law prescribes acts of all the virtues?Article. 4 - Whether human law binds a man in conscience?Article. 5 - Whether all are subject to the law?Article. 6 - Whether he who is under a law may act beside the letter of the law?Question. 97 - OF CHANGE IN LAWS (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether human law should be changed in any way?Article. 2 - Whether human law should always be changed, whenever something better occurs?Article. 3 - Whether custom can obtain force of law?Article. 4 - Whether the rulers of the people can dispense from human laws?Question. 98 - OF THE OLD LAW (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the Old Law was good?Article. 2 - Whether the Old Law was from God?Article. 3 - Whether the Old Law was given through the angels?Article. 4 - Whether the Old Law should have been given to the Jews alone?Article. 5 - Whether all men were bound to observe the Old Law?Article. 6 - Whether the Old Law was suitably given at the time of Moses?Question. 99 - OF THE PRECEPTS OF THE OLD LAW (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the Old Law contains only one precept?Article. 2 - Whether the Old Law contains moral precepts?Article. 3 - Whether the Old Law comprises ceremonial, besides moral, precepts?Article. 4 - Whether, besides the moral and ceremonial precepts, there are also judicial precepts?Article. 5 - Whether the Old Law contains any others besides the moral, judicial, and ceremonial precepts?Article. 6 - Whether the Old Law should have induced men to the observance of its precepts, by means of temporal promises and threats?Question. 100 - OF THE MORAL PRECEPTS OF THE OLD LAW (TWELVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether all the moral precepts of the Old Law belong to the law of nature?Article. 2 - Whether the moral precepts of the Law are about all the acts of virtue?Article. 3 - Whether all the moral precepts of the Old Law are reducible to the ten precepts of the decalogue?Article. 4 - Whether the precepts of the decalogue are suitably distinguished from one another?Article. 5 - Whether the precepts of the decalogue are suitably set forth?Article. 6 - Whether the ten precepts of the decalogue are set in proper order?Article. 7 - Whether the precepts of the decalogue are suitably formulated?Article. 8 - Whether the precepts of the decalogue are dispensable?Article. 9 - Whether the mode of virtue falls under the precept of the law?Article. 10 - Whether the mode of charity falls under the precept of the Divine law?Article. 11 - Whether it is right to distinguish other moral precepts of the law besides the decalogue?Article. 12 - Whether the moral precepts of the Old Law justified man?Article. 1 - Whether the nature of the ceremonial precepts consists in their pertaining to the worship of God?Article. 2 - Whether the ceremonial precepts are figurative?Article. 3 - Whether there should have been man ceremonial precepts?Article. 4 - Whether the ceremonies of the Old Law are suitably divided into sacrifices, sacred things, sacraments, and observances?Question. 102 - OF THE CAUSES OF THE CEREMONIAL PRECEPTS (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether there was any cause for the ceremonial precepts?Article. 2 - Whether the ceremonial precepts have a literal cause or merely a figurative cause?Article. 3 - Whether a suitable cause can be assigned for the ceremonies which pertained to sacrifices?Article. 4 - Whether sufficient reason can be assigned for the ceremonies pertaining to holy things?Article. 5 - Whether there can be any suitable cause for the sacraments of the Old Law?Article. 6 - Whether there was any reasonable cause for the ceremonial observances?Question. 103 - OF THE DURATION OF THE CEREMONIAL PRECEPTS (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the ceremonies of the Law were in existence before the Law?Article. 2 - Whether, at the time of the Law, the ceremonies of the Old Law had any power of justification?Article. 3 - Whether the ceremonies of the Old Law ceased at the coming of Christ?Article. 4 - Whether since Christ's Passion the legal ceremonies can be observed without committing mortal sin?Article. 1 - Whether the judicial precepts were those which directed man in relation to his neighbor?Article. 2 - Whether the judicial precepts were figurative?Article. 3 - Whether the judicial precepts of the Old Law bind for ever?Article. 4 - Whether it is possible to assign a distinct division of the judicial precepts?Article. 1 - Whether the Old Law enjoined fitting precepts concerning rulers?Article. 2 - Whether the judicial precepts were suitably framed as to the relations of one man with another?Article. 3 - Whether the judicial precepts regarding foreigners were framed in a suitable manner?Article. 4 - Whether the Old Law set forth suitable precepts about the members of the household?Question. 106 - OF THE LAW OF THE GOSPEL, CALLED THE NEW LAW, CONSIDERED IN ITSELF (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the New Law is a written law?Article. 2 - Whether the New Law justifies?Article. 3 - Whether the New Law should have been given from the beginning of the world?Article. 4 - Whether the New Law will last till the end of the world?Question. 107 - OF THE NEW LAW AS COMPARED WITH THE OLD (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the New Law is distinct from the Old Law?Article. 2 - Whether the New Law fulfils the Old?Article. 3 - Whether the New Law is contained in the Old?Article. 4 - Whether the New Law is more burdensome than the Old?Question. 108 - OF THOSE THINGS THAT ARE CONTAINED IN THE NEW LAW (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the New Law ought to prescribe or prohibit any external acts?Article. 2 - Whether the New Law made sufficient ordinations about external acts?Article. 3 - Whether the New Law directed man sufficiently as regards interior actions?Article. 4 - Whether certain definite counsels are fittingly proposed in the New Law?Question. 109 - OF THE NECESSITY OF GRACE (TEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether without grace man can know any truth?Article. 2 - Whether man can wish or do any good without grace?Article. 3 - Whether by his own natural powers and without grace man can love God above all things?Article. 4 - Whether man without grace and by his own natural powers can fulfil the commandments of the Law?Article. 5 - Whether man can merit everlasting life without grace?Article. 6 - Whether a man, by himself and without the external aid of grace, can prepare himself for grace?Article. 7 - Whether man can rise from sin without the help of grace?Article. 8 - Whether man without grace can avoid sin?Article. 9 - Whether one who has already obtained grace, can, of himself and without further help of grace, do good and avoid sin?Article. 10 - Whether man possessed of grace needs the help of grace in order to persevere?Article. 1 - Whether grace implies anything in the soul?Article. 2 - Whether grace is a quality of the soul?Article. 3 - Whether grace is the same as virtue?Article. 4 - Whether grace is in the essence of the soul as in a subject, or in one of the powers?Question. 111 - OF THE DIVISION OF GRACE (FIVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether grace is fittingly divided into sanctifying grace and gratuitous grace?Article. 2 - Whether grace is fittingly divided into operating and cooperating grace?Article. 3 - Whether grace is fittingly divided into prevenient and subsequent grace?Article. 4 - Whether gratuitous grace is rightly divided by the Apostle?Article. 5 - Whether gratuitous grace is nobler than sanctifying grace?Question. 112 - OF THE CAUSE OF GRACE (FIVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether God alone is the cause of grace?Article. 2 - Whether any preparation and disposition for grace is required on man's part?Article. 3 - Whether grace is necessarily given to whoever prepares himself for it, or to whoever does what he can?Article. 4 - Whether grace is greater in one than in another?Article. 5 - Whether man can know that he has grace?Question. 113 - OF THE EFFECTS OF GRACE (TEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the justification of the ungodly is the remission of sins?Article. 2 - Whether the infusion of grace is required for the remission of guilt, i.e. for the justification of the ungodly?Article. 3 - Whether for the justification of the ungodly is required a movement of the free-will?Article. 4 - Whether a movement of faith is required for the justification of the ungodly?Article. 5 - Whether for the justification of the ungodly there is required a movement of the free-will towards sin?Article. 6 - Whether the remission of sins ought to be reckoned amongst the things required for justification?Article. 7 - Whether the justification of the ungodly takes place in an instant or successively?Article. 8 - Whether the infusion of grace is naturally the first of the things required for the justification of the ungodly?Article. 9 - Whether the justification of the ungodly is God's greatest work?Article. 10 - Whether the justification of the ungodly is a miraculous work?Question. 114 - OF MERIT (TEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether a man may merit anything from God?Article. 2 - Whether anyone without grace can merit eternal life?Article. 3 - Whether a man in grace can merit eternal life condignly?Article. 4 - Whether grace is the principle of merit through charity rather than the other virtues?Article. 5 - Whether a man may merit for himself the first grace?Article. 6 - Whether a man can merit the first grace for another?Article. 7 - Whether a man may merit restoration after a fall?Article. 8 - Whether a man may merit the increase of grace or charity?Article. 9 - Whether a man may merit perseverance?Article. 10 - Whether temporal goods fall under merit?Question. 1 - Of Faith (Ten Articles)Article. 1 - Whether the object of faith is the First Truth?Article. 2 - Whether the object of faith is something complex, by way of a proposition?Article. 3 - Whether anything false can come under faith?Article. 4 - Whether the object of faith can be something seen?Article. 5 - Whether those things that are of faith can be an object of science [*Science is certain knowledge of a demonstrated conclusion through its demonstration]?Article. 6 - Whether those things that are of faith should be divided into certain articles?Article. 7 - Whether the articles of faith have increased in course of time?Article. 8 - Whether the articles of faith are suitably formulated?Article. 9 - Whether it is suitable for the articles of faith to be embodied in a symbol?Article. 10 - Whether it belongs to the Sovereign Pontiff to draw up a symbol of faith?Question. 2 - OF THE ACT OF FAITH (TEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether to believe is to think with assent?Article. 2 - Whether the act of faith is suitably distinguished as believing God, believing in a God and believing in God?Article. 3 - Whether it is necessary for salvation to believe anything above the natural reason?Article. 4 - Whether it is necessary to believe those things which can be proved by natural reason?Article. 5 - Whether man is bound to believe anything explicitly?Article. 6 - Whether all are equally bound to have explicit faith?Article. 7 - Whether it is necessary for the salvation of all, that they should believe explicitly in the mystery of Christ?Article. 8 - Whether it is necessary for salvation to believe explicitly in the Trinity?Article. 9 - Whether to believe is meritorious?Article. 10 - Whether reasons in support of what we believe lessen the merit of faith?Article. 1 - Whether confession is an act of faith?Article. 2 - Whether confession of faith is necessary for salvation?Question. 4 - OF THE VIRTUE ITSELF OF FAITH (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether this is a fitting definition of faith: 'Faith is the substance of things to be hoped for, the evidence of things that appear not?'Article. 2 - Whether faith resides in the intellect?Article. 3 - Whether charity is the form of faith?Article. 4 - Whether lifeless faith can become living, or living faith, lifeless?Article. 5 - Whether faith is a virtue?Article. 6 - Whether faith is one virtue?Article. 7 - Whether faith is the first of the virtues?Article. 8 - Whether faith is more certain than science and the other intellectual virtues?Question. 5 - OF THOSE WHO HAVE FAITH (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether there was faith in the angels, or in man, in their original state?Article. 2 - Whether in the demons there is faith?Article. 3 - Whether a man who disbelieves one article of faith, can have lifeless faith in the other articles?Article. 4 - Whether faith can be greater in one man than in another?Article. 1 - Whether faith is infused into man by God?Article. 2 - Whether lifeless faith is a gift of God?Article. 1 - Whether fear is an effect of faith?Article. 2 - Whether faith has the effect of purifying the heart?Question. 8 - OF THE GIFT OF UNDERSTANDING (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether understanding is a gift of the Holy Ghost?Article. 2 - Whether the gift of understanding is compatible with faith?Article. 3 - Whether the gift of understanding is merely speculative or also practical?Article. 4 - Whether the gift of understanding is in all who are in a state of grace?Article. 5 - Whether the gift of understanding is found also in those who have not sanctifying grace?Article. 6 - Whether the gift of understanding is distinct from the other gifts?Article. 7 - Whether the sixth beatitude, 'Blessed are the clean of heart,' etc., responds to the gift of understanding?Article. 8 - Whether faith, among the fruits, responds to the gift of understanding?Article. 1 - Whether knowledge is a gift?Article. 2 - Whether the gift of knowledge is about Divine things?Article. 3 - Whether the gift of knowledge is practical knowledge?Article. 4 - Whether the third beatitude, 'Blessed are they that mourn,' etc. corresponds to the gift of knowledge?Question. 10 - OF UNBELIEF IN GENERAL (TWELVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether unbelief is a sin?Article. 2 - Whether unbelief is in the intellect as its subject?Article. 3 - Whether unbelief is the greatest of sin?Article. 4 - Whether every act of an unbeliever is a sin?Article. 5 - Whether there are several species of unbelief?Article. 6 - Whether the unbelief of pagans or heathens is graver than other kinds?Article. 7 - Whether one ought to dispute with unbelievers in public?Article. 8 - Whether unbelievers ought to be compelled to the faith?Article. 9 - Whether it is lawful to communicate with unbelievers?Article. 10 - Whether unbelievers may have authority or dominion over the faithful?Article. 11 - Whether the rites of unbelievers ought to be tolerated?Article. 12 - Whether the children of Jews and other unbelievers ought to be baptized against their parents' will?Article. 1 - Whether heresy is a species of unbelief?Article. 2 - Whether heresy is properly about matters of faith?Article. 3 - Whether heretics ought to be tolerated?Article. 4 - Whether the Church should receive those who return from heresy?Article. 1 - Whether apostasy pertains to unbelief?Article. 2 - Whether a prince forfeits his dominion over his subjects, on account of apostasy from the faith, so that they no longer owe him allegiance?Question. 13 - OF THE SIN OF BLASPHEMY, IN GENERAL (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether blasphemy is opposed to the confession of faith?Article. 2 - Whether blasphemy is always a mortal sin?Article. 3 - Whether the sin of blasphemy is the greatest sin?Article. 4 - Whether the damned blaspheme?Question. 14 - OF BLASPHEMY AGAINST THE HOLY GHOST (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the sin against the Holy Ghost is the same as the sin committed through certain malice?Article. 2 - Whether it is fitting to distinguish six kinds of sin against the Holy Ghost?Article. 3 - Whether the sin against the Holy Ghost can be forgiven?Article. 4 - Whether a man can sin first of all against the Holy Ghost?Question. 15 - OF THE VICES OPPOSED TO KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING (THREE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether blindness of mind is a sin?Article. 2 - Whether dulness of sense is a sin distinct from blindness of mind?Article. 3 - Whether blindness of mind and dulness of sense arise from sins of the flesh?Article. 1 - Whether in the Old Law there should have been given precepts of faith?Article. 2 - Whether the precepts referring to knowledge and understanding were fittingly set down in the Old Law?Question. 17 - Of Hope, Considered in Itself (Eight Articles)Article. 1 - Whether hope is a virtue?Article. 2 - Whether eternal happiness is the proper object of hope?Article. 3 - Whether one man may hope for another's eternal happiness?Article. 4 - Whether a man can lawfully hope in man?Article. 5 - Whether hope is a theological virtue?Article. 6 - Whether hope is distinct from the other theological virtues?Article. 7 - Whether hope precedes faith?Article. 8 - Whether charity precedes hope?Article. 1 - Whether hope is in the will as its subject?Article. 2 - Whether in the blessed there is hope?Article. 3 - Whether hope is in the damned?Article. 4 - Whether there is certainty in the hope of a wayfarer?Question. 19 - OF THE GIFT OF FEAR (TWELVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether God can be feared?Article. 2 - Whether fear is fittingly divided into filial, initial, servile and worldly fear?Article. 3 - Whether worldly fear is always evil?Article. 4 - Whether servile fear is good?Article. 5 - Whether servile fear is substantially the same as filial fear?Article. 6 - Whether servile fear remains with charity?Article. 7 - Whether fear is the beginning of wisdom?Article. 8 - Whether initial fear differs substantially from filial fear?Article. 9 - Whether fear is a gift of the Holy Ghost?Article. 10 - Whether fear decreases when charity increases?Article. 11 - Whether fear remains in heaven?Article. 12 - Whether poverty of spirit is the beatitude corresponding to the gift of fear?Article. 1 - Whether despair is a sin?Article. 2 - Whether there can be despair without unbelief?Article. 3 - Whether despair is the greatest of sins?Article. 4 - Whether despair arises from sloth?Article. 1 - Whether presumption trusts in God or in our own power?Article. 2 - Whether presumption is a sin?Article. 3 - Whether presumption is more opposed to fear than to hope?Article. 4 - Whether presumption arises from vainglory?Article. 1 - Whether there should be a precept of hope?Article. 2 - Whether there should have been given a precept of fear?Question. 23 - Of Charity, Considered In Itself (Eight Articles)Article. 1 - Whether charity is friendship?Article. 2 - Whether charity is something created in the soul?Article. 3 - Whether charity is a virtue?Article. 4 - Whether charity is a special virtue?Article. 5 - Whether charity is one virtue?Article. 6 - Whether charity is the most excellent of the virtues?Article. 7 - Whether any true virtue is possible without charity?Article. 8 - Whether charity is the form of the virtues?Question. 24 - OF THE SUBJECT OF CHARITY (TWELVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the will is the subject of charity?Article. 2 - Whether charity is caused in us by infusion?Article. 3 - Whether charity is infused according to the capacity of our natural gifts?Article. 4 - Whether charity can increase?Article. 5 - Whether charity increases by addition?Article. 6 - Whether charity increases through every act of charity?Article. 7 - Whether charity increases indefinitely?Article. 8 - Whether charity can be perfect in this life?Article. 9 - Whether charity is rightly distinguished into three degrees, beginning, progress, and perfection?Article. 10 - Whether charity can decrease?Article. 11 - Whether we can lose charity when once we have it?Article. 12 - Whether charity is lost through one mortal sin?Question. 25 - OF THE OBJECT OF CHARITY (TWELVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the love of charity stops at God, or extends to our neighbor?Article. 2 - Whether we should love charity out of charity?Article. 3 - Whether irrational creatures also ought to be loved out of charity?Article. 4 - Whether a man ought to love himself out of charity?Article. 5 - Whether a man ought to love his body out of charity?Article. 6 - Whether we ought to love sinners out of charity?Article. 7 - Whether sinners love themselves?Article. 8 - Whether charity requires that we should love our enemies?Article. 9 - Whether it is necessary for salvation that we should show our enemies the signs and effects of love?Article. 10 - Whether we ought to love the angels out of charity?Article. 11 - Whether we are bound to love the demons out of charity?Article. 12 - Whether four things are rightly reckoned as to be loved out of charity, viz. God, our neighbor, our body and ourselves?Question. 26 - OF THE ORDER OF CHARITY (THIRTEEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether there is order in charity?Article. 2 - Whether God ought to be loved more than our neighbor?Article. 3 - Whether out of charity, man is bound to love God more than himself?Article. 4 - Whether our of charity, man ought to love himself more than his neighbor?Article. 5 - Whether a man ought to love his neighbor more than his own body?Article. 6 - Whether we ought to love one neighbor more than another?Article. 7 - Whether we ought to love those who are better more those who are more closely united us?Article. 8 - Whether we ought to love more those who are connected with us by ties of blood?Article. 9 - Whether a man ought, out of charity, to love his children more than his father?Article. 10 - Whether a man ought to love his mother more than his father?Article. 11 - Whether a man ought to love his wife more than his father and mother?Article. 12 - Whether a man ought to love more his benefactor than one he has benefited?Article. 13 - Whether the order of charity endures in heaven?Question. 27 - OF THE PRINCIPLE ACT OF CHARITY, WHICH IS TO LOVE (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether to be loved is more proper to charity than to love?Article. 2 - Whether to love considered as an act of charity is the same as goodwill?Article. 3 - Whether out of charity God ought to be loved for Himself?Article. 4 - Whether God can be loved immediately in this life?Article. 5 - Whether God can be loved wholly? [*Cf. Q[184], A[2]]Article. 6 - Whether in loving God we ought to observe any mode?Article. 7 - Whether it is more meritorious to love an enemy than to love a friend?Article. 8 - Whether it is more meritorious to love one's neighbor than to love God?Question. 28 - OF JOY (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether joy is effected in us by charity?Article. 2 - Whether the spiritual joy, which results from charity, is compatible with an admixture of sorrow?Article. 3 - Whether the spiritual joy which proceeds from charity, can be filled?Article. 4 - Whether joy is a virtue?Article. 1 - Whether peace is the same as concord?Article. 2 - Whether all things desire peace?Article. 3 - Whether peace is the proper effect of charity?Article. 4 - Whether peace is a virtue?Article. 1 - Whether evil is properly the motive of mercy?Article. 2 - Whether the reason for taking pity is a defect in the person who pities?Article. 3 - Whether mercy is a virtue?Article. 4 - Whether mercy is the greatest of the virtues?Question. 31 - OF BENEFICENCE (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether beneficence is an act of charity?Article. 2 - Whether we ought to do good to all?Article. 3 - Whether we ought to do good to those rather who are more closely united to us?Article. 4 - Whether beneficence is a special virtue?Question. 32 - OF ALMSDEEDS (TEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether almsgiving is an act of charity?Article. 2 - Whether the different kinds of almsdeeds are suitably enumerated?Article. 3 - Whether corporal alms are of more account than spiritual alms?Article. 4 - Whether corporal almsdeeds have a spiritual effect?Article. 5 - Whether almsgiving is a matter of precept?Article. 6 - Whether one ought to give alms out of what one needs?Article. 7 - Whether one may give alms out of ill-gotten goods?Article. 8 - Whether one who is under another's power can give alms?Article. 9 - Whether one ought to give alms to those rather who are more closely united to us?Article. 10 - Whether alms should be given in abundance?Question. 33 - OF FRATERNAL CORRECTION (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether fraternal correction is an act of charity?Article. 2 - Whether fraternal correction is a matter of precept?Article. 3 - Whether fraternal correction belongs only to prelates?Article. 4 - Whether a mann is bound to correct his prelate?Article. 5 - Whether a sinner ought to reprove a wrongdoer?Article. 6 - Whether one ought to forbear from correcting someone, through fear lest he become worse?Article. 7 - Whether the precept of fraternal correction demands that a private admonition should precede denunciation?Article. 8 - Whether before the public denunciation witnesses ought to be brought forward?Question. 34 - OF HATRED (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether it is possible for anyone to hate God?Article. 2 - Whether hatred of God is the greatest of sins?Article. 3 - Whether hatred of one's neighbor is always a sin?Article. 4 - Whether hatred of our neighbor is the most grievous sin against our neighbor?Article. 5 - Whether hatred is a capital sin?Article. 6 - Whether hatred arises from envy?Question. 35 - OF SLOTH (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether sloth is a sin?Article. 2 - Whether sloth is a special vice?Article. 3 - Whether sloth is a mortal sin?Article. 4 - Whether sloth should be accounted a capital vice?Article. 1 - Whether envy is a kind of sorrow?Article. 2 - Whether envy is a sin?Article. 3 - Whether envy is a mortal sin?Article. 4 - Whether envy is a capital vice?Question. 37 - OF DISCORD, WHICH IS CONTRARY TO PEACE (TWO ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether discord is a sin?Article. 2 - Whether discord is a daughter of vainglory?Article. 1 - Whether contention is a mortal sin?Article. 2 - Whether contention is a daughter of vainglory?Question. 39 - OF SCHISM (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether schism is a special sin?Article. 2 - Whether schism is a graver sin than unbelief?Article. 3 - Whether schismatics have any power?Article. 4 - Whether it is right that schismatics should be punished with excommunication?Article. 1 - Whether it is always sinful to wage war?Article. 2 - Whether it is lawful for clerics and bishops to fight?Article. 3 - Whether it is lawful to lay ambushes in war?Article. 4 - Whether it is lawful to fight on holy days?Article. 1 - Whether strife is always a sin?Article. 2 - Whether strife is a daughter of anger?Article. 1 - Whether sedition is a special sin distinct from other sins?Article. 2 - Whether sedition is always a mortal sin?Question. 43 - OF SCANDAL (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether scandal is fittingly defined as being something less rightly said or done that occasions spiritual downfall?Article. 2 - Whether scandal is a sin?Article. 3 - Whether scandal is a special sin?Article. 4 - Whether scandal is a mortal sin?Article. 5 - Whether passive scandal may happen even to the perfect?Article. 6 - Whether active scandal can be found in the perfect?Article. 7 - Whether spiritual goods should be foregone on account of scandal?Article. 8 - Whether temporal goods should be foregone on account of scandal?Question. 44 - OF THE PRECEPTS OF CHARITY (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether any precept should be given about charity?Article. 2 - Whether there should have been given two precepts of charity?Article. 3 - Whether two precepts of charity suffice?Article. 4 - Whether it is fittingly commanded that man should love God with his whole heart?Article. 5 - Whether to the words, 'Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with thy whole heart,' it was fitting to add 'and with thy whole soul, and with thy whole strength'?Article. 6 - Whether it is possible in this life to fulfil this precept of the love of God?Article. 7 - Whether the precept of love of our neighbor is fittingly expressed?Article. 8 - Whether the order of charity is included in the precept?Question. 45 - OF THE GIFT OF WISDOM (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether wisdom should be reckoned among the gifts of the Holy Ghost?Article. 2 - Whether wisdom is in the intellect as its subject?Article. 3 - Whether wisdom is merely speculative, or practical also?Article. 4 - Whether wisdom can be without grace, and with mortal sin?Article. 5 - Whether wisdom is in all who have grace?Article. 6 - Whether the seventh beatitude corresponds to the gift of wisdom?Article. 1 - Whether folly is contrary to wisdom?Article. 2 - Whether folly is a sin?Article. 3 - Whether folly is a daughter of lust?Question. 47 - Of Prudence, Considered In Itself (Sixteen Articles)Article. 1 - Whether prudence is in the cognitive or in the appetitive faculty?Article. 2 - Whether prudence belongs to the practical reason alone or also to the speculative reason?Article. 3 - Whether prudence takes cognizance of singulars?Article. 4 - Whether prudence is a virtue?Article. 5 - Whether prudence is a special virtue?Article. 6 - Whether prudence appoints the end to moral virtues?Article. 7 - Whether it belongs to prudence to find the mean in moral virtues?Article. 8 - Whether command is the chief act of prudence?Article. 9 - Whether solicitude belongs to prudence?Article. 10 - Whether solicitude belongs to prudence?Article. 11 - Whether prudence about one's own good is specifically the same as that which extends to the common good?Article. 12 - Whether prudence is in subjects, or only in their rulers?Article. 13 - Whether prudence can be in sinners?Article. 14 - Whether prudence is in all who have grace?Article. 15 - Whether prudence is in us by nature?Article. 16 - Whether prudence can be lost through forgetfulness?Article. 1 - Whether three parts of prudence are fittingly assigned?Article. 1 - Whether memory is a part of prudence?Article. 2 - Whether understanding* is a part of prudence? [*Otherwise intuition; Aristotle's word is {nous}]Article. 3 - Whether docility should be accounted a part of prudence?Article. 4 - Whether shrewdness is part of prudence?Article. 5 - Whether reason should be reckoned a part of prudence?Article. 6 - Whether foresight* should be accounted a part of prudence? [*'Providentia,' which may be translated either 'providence' or 'foresight.']Article. 7 - Whether circumspection can be a part of prudence?Article. 8 - Whether caution should be reckoned a part of prudence?Question. 50 - OF THE SUBJECTIVE PARTS OF PRUDENCE (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether a species of prudence is regnative?Article. 2 - Whether political prudence is fittingly accounted a part of prudence?Article. 3 - Whether a part of prudence should be reckoned to be domestic?Article. 4 - Whether military prudence should be reckoned a part of prudence?Question. 51 - OF THE VIRTUES WHICH ARE CONNECTED WITH PRUDENCE (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether {euboulia} (deliberating well) is a virtue?Article. 2 - Whether {euboulia} (deliberating well) is a special virtue, distinct from prudence?Article. 3 - Whether {synesis} (judging well according to common law) is a virtue?Article. 4 - Whether {gnome} (judging well according to general law) is a special virtue?Question. 52 - OF THE GIFT OF COUNSEL (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether counsel should be reckoned among the gifts of the Holy Ghost?Article. 2 - Whether the gift of counsel corresponds to the virtue of prudence?Article. 3 - Whether the gift of counsel remains in heaven?Article. 4 - Whether the fifth beatitude, which is that of mercy, corresponds to the gift of counsel?Question. 53 - OF IMPRUDENCE (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether imprudence is a sin?Article. 2 - Whether imprudence is a special sin?Article. 3 - Whether precipitation is a sin included in imprudence?Article. 4 - Whether thoughtlessness is a special sin included in prudence?Article. 5 - Whether inconstancy is a vice contained under prudence?Article. 6 - Whether the aforesaid vices arise from lust?Article. 1 - Whether negligence is a special sin?Article. 2 - Whether negligence is opposed to prudence?Article. 3 - Whether negligence can be a mortal sin?Question. 55 - OF VICES OPPOSED TO PRUDENCE BY WAY OF RESEMBLANCE (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether prudence of the flesh is a sin?Article. 2 - Whether prudence of the flesh is a mortal sin?Article. 3 - Whether craftiness is a special sin?Article. 4 - Whether guile is a sin pertaining to craftiness?Article. 5 - Whether fraud pertains to craftiness?Article. 6 - Whether it is lawful to be solicitous about temporal matters?Article. 7 - Whether we should be solicitous about the future?Article. 8 - Whether these vices arise from covetousness?Article. 1 - Whether the precepts of the decalogue should have included a precept of prudence?Article. 2 - Whether the prohibitive precepts relating to the vices opposed to prudence are fittingly propounded in the Old Law?Question. 57 - Of Right (Four Articles)Article. 1 - Whether right is the object of justice?Article. 2 - Whether right is fittingly divided into natural right and positive right?Article. 3 - Whether the right of nations is the same as the natural right?Article. 4 - Whether paternal right and right of dominion should be distinguished as special species?Question. 58 - OF JUSTICE (TWELVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether justice is fittingly defined as being the perpetual and constant will to render to each one his right?Article. 2 - Whether justice is always towards one another?Article. 3 - Whether justice is a virtue?Article. 4 - Whether justice is in the will as its subject?Article. 5 - Whether justice is a general virtue?Article. 6 - Whether justice, as a general virtue, is essentially the same as all virtue?Article. 7 - Whether there is a particular besides a general justice?Article. 8 - Whether particular justice has a special matter?Article. 9 - Whether justice is about the passions?Article. 10 - Whether the mean of justice is the real mean?Article. 11 - Whether the act of justice is to render to each one his own?Article. 12 - Whether justice stands foremost among all moral virtues?Article. 1 - Whether injustice is a special virtue?Article. 2 - Whether a man is called unjust through doing an unjust thing?Article. 3 - Whether we can suffer injustice willingly?Article. 4 - Whether whoever does an injustice sins mortally?Question. 60 - OF JUDGMENT (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether judgment is an act of justice?Article. 2 - Whether it is lawful to judge?Article. 3 - Whether it is unlawful to form a judgment from suspicions?Article. 4 - Whether doubts should be interpreted for the best?Article. 5 - Whether we should always judge according to the written law?Article. 6 - Whether judgment is rendered perverse by being usurped?Question. 61 - OF THE PARTS OF JUSTICE (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether two species of justice are suitably assigned, viz. commutative and distributive?Article. 2 - Whether the mean is to be observed in the same way in distributive as in commutative justice?Article. 3 - Whether there is a different matter for both kinds of justice?Article. 4 - Whether the just is absolutely the same as retaliation?Question. 62 - OF RESTITUTION (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether restitution is an act of commutative justice?Article. 2 - Whether restitution of what has been taken away is necessary for salvation?Article. 3 - Whether it suffices to restore the exact amount taken?Article. 4 - Whether a man is bound to restore what he has not taken?Article. 5 - Whether restitution must always be made to the person from whom a thing has been taken?Article. 6 - Whether he that has taken a thing is always bound to restitution?Article. 7 - Whether restitution is binding on those who have not taken?Article. 8 - Whether a man is bound to immediate restitution, or may he put it off?Question. 63 - VICES OPPOSED TO DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE (Q[63])Article. 1 - Whether respect of persons is a sin?Article. 2 - Whether respect of persons takes place in the dispensation of spiritual goods?Article. 3 - Whether respect of persons takes place in showing honor and respect?Article. 4 - Whether the sin of respect of persons takes place in judicial sentences?Question. 64 - Of Murder (Eight Articles)Article. 1 - Whether it is unlawful to kill any living thing?Article. 2 - Whether it is lawful to kill sinners?Article. 3 - Whether it is lawful for a private individual to kill a man who has sinned?Article. 4 - Whether it is lawful for clerics to kill evil-doers?Article. 5 - Whether it is lawful to kill oneself?Article. 6 - Whether it is lawful to kill the innocent?Article. 7 - Whether it is lawful to kill a man in self-defense?Article. 1 - Whether in some cases it may be lawful to maim anyone?Article. 2 - Whether it is lawful for parents to strike their children, or masters their slaves?Article. 3 - Whether it is lawful to imprison a man?Article. 4 - Whether the sin is aggravated by the fact that the aforesaid injuries are perpetrated on those who are connected with others?Question. 66 - OF THEFT AND ROBBERY (NINE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether it is natural for man to possess external things?Article. 2 - Whether it is lawful for a man to possess a thing as his own?Article. 3 - Whether the essence of theft consists in taking another's thing secretly?Article. 4 - Whether theft and robbery are sins of different species?Article. 5 - Whether theft is always a sin?Article. 7 - Whether it is lawful to steal through stress of need?Article. 8 - Whether robbery may be committed without sin?Article. 9 - Whether theft is a more grievous sin than robbery?Question. 67 - OF THE INJUSTICE OF A JUDGE, IN JUDGING (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether a man can justly judge one who is not subject to his jurisdiction?Article. 2 - Whether it is lawful for a judge to pronounce judgment against the truth that he knows, on account of evidence to the contrary?Article. 3 - Whether a judge may condemn a man who is not accused?Article. 4 - Whether the judge can lawfully remit the punishment?Article. 1 - Whether a man is bound to accuse?Article. 2 - Whether it is necessary for the accusation to be made in writing?Article. 3 - Whether an accusation is rendered unjust by calumny, collusion or evasion?Article. 4 - Whether an accuser who fails to prove his indictment is bound to the punishment of retaliation?Question. 69 - OF SINS COMMITTED AGAINST JUSTICE ON THE PART OF THE DEFENDANT (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether one can, without a mortal sin, deny the truth which would lead to one's condemnation?Article. 2 - Whether it is lawful for the accused to defend himself with calumnies?Article. 3 - Whether it is lawful for the accused to escape judgment by appealing?Article. 4 - Whether a man who is condemned to death may lawfully defend himself if he can?Question. 70 - OF INJUSTICE WITH REGARD TO THE PERSON OF THE WITNESS (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether a man is bound to give evidence?Article. 2 - Whether the evidence of two or three persons suffices?Article. 3 - Whether a man's evidence can be rejected without any fault of his?Article. 4 - Whether it is always a mortal sin to give false evidence?Question. 71 - OF INJUSTICE IN JUDGMENT ON THE PART OF COUNSEL (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether an advocate is bound to defend the suits of the poor?Article. 2 - Whether it is fitting that the law should debar certain persons from the office of advocate?Article. 3 - Whether an advocate sins by defending an unjust cause?Article. 4 - Whether it is lawful for an advocate to take a fee for pleading?Article. 1 - Whether reviling consists in words?Article. 2 - Whether reviling or railing is a mortal sin?Article. 3 - Whether one ought to suffer oneself to be reviled?Article. 4 - Whether reviling arises from anger?Article. 1 - Whether backbiting is suitably defined as the blackening of another's character by secret words?Article. 2 - Whether backbiting is a mortal sin?Article. 3 - Whether backbiting is the gravest of all sins committed against one's neighbor?Article. 4 - Whether it is a grave sin for the listener to suffer the backbiter?Article. 1 - Whether tale-bearing is a sin distinct from backbiting?Article. 2 - Whether backbiting is a graver sin than tale-bearing?Article. 1 - Whether derision is a special sin distinct from those already mentioned?Article. 2 - Whether derision can be a mortal sin?Article. 1 - Whether it is lawful to curse anyone?Article. 2 - Whether it is lawful to curse an irrational creature?Article. 3 - Whether cursing is a mortal sin?Article. 4 - Whether cursing is a graver sin than backbiting?Question. 77 - (D) BY SINS COMMITTED IN BUYING AND SELLING (Q[77])Article. 1 - Whether it is lawful to sell a thing for more than its worth?Article. 2 - Whether a sale is rendered unlawful through a fault in the thing sold?Article. 3 - Whether the seller is bound to state the defects of the thing sold?Article. 4 - Whether, in trading, it is lawful to sell a thing at a higher price than what was paid for it?Question. 78 - (E) BY SINS COMMITTED IN LOANS (Q[78])Article. 1 - Whether it is a sin to take usury for money lent?Article. 2 - Whether it is lawful to ask for any other kind of consideration for money lent?Article. 3 - Whether a man is bound to restore whatever profits he has made out of money gotten by usury?Article. 4 - Whether it is lawful to borrow money under a condition of usury?Question. 79 - OF THE QUASI-INTEGRAL PARTS OF JUSTICE (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether to decline from evil and to do good are parts of justice?Article. 2 - Whether transgression is a special sin?Article. 3 - Whether omission is a special sin?Article. 4 - Whether a sin of omission is more grievous than a sin of transgression?Article. 1 - Whether the virtues annexed to justice are suitably enumerated?Question. 81 - OF RELIGION (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether religion directs man to God alone?Article. 2 - Whether religion is a virtue?Article. 3 - Whether religion is one virtue?Article. 4 - Whether religion is a special virtue, distinct from the others?Article. 5 - Whether religion is a theological virtue?Article. 6 - Whether religion should be preferred to the other moral virtues?Article. 7 - Whether religion has an external act?Article. 8 - Whether religion is the same as sanctity?Question. 82 - OF DEVOTION (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether devotion is a special act?Article. 2 - Whether devotion is an act of religion?Article. 3 - Whether contemplation or meditation is the cause of devotion?Article. 4 - Whether joy is an effect of devotion?Question. 83 - OF PRAYER (SEVENTEEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether prayer is an act of the appetitive power?Article. 2 - Whether it is becoming to pray?Article. 3 - Whether prayer is an act of religion?Article. 4 - Whether we ought to pray to God alone?Article. 5 - Whether we ought to ask for something definite when we pray?Article. 6 - Whether man ought to ask God for temporal things when he prays?Article. 7 - Whether we ought to pray for others?Article. 8 - Whether we ought to pray for our enemies?Article. 9 - Whether the seven petitions of the Lord's Prayer are fittingly assigned?Article. 10 - Whether prayer is proper to the rational creature?Article. 11 - Whether the saints in heaven pray for us?Article. 12 - Whether prayer should be vocal?Article. 13 - Whether attention is a necessary condition of prayer?Article. 14 - Whether prayer should last a long time?Article. 15 - Whether prayer is meritorious?Article. 16 - Whether sinners impetrate anything from God by their prayers?Article. 17 - Whether the parts of prayer are fittingly described as supplications, prayers, intercessions, and thanksgivings?Question. 84 - OF ADORATION (THREE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether adoration is an act of latria or religion?Article. 2 - Whether adoration denotes an action of the body?Article. 3 - Whether adoration requires a definite place?Question. 85 - OF SACRIFICE (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether offering a sacrifice to God is of the law of nature?Article. 2 - Whether sacrifice should be offered to God alone?Article. 3 - Whether the offering of sacrifice is a special act of virtue?Article. 4 - Whether all are bound to offer sacrifices?Article. 1 - Whether men are under a necessity of precept to make oblations?Article. 2 - Whether oblations are due to priests alone?Article. 3 - Whether a man may make oblations of whatever he lawfully possesses?Article. 4 - Whether men are bound to pay first-fruits?Article. 1 - Whether men are bound to pay tithes under a necessity of precept?Article. 2 - Whether men are bound to pay tithes of all things?Article. 3 - Whether tithes should be paid to the clergy?Article. 4 - Whether the clergy also are bound to pay tithes?Question. 88 - SERVICE BY PROMISE (Q[88])Article. 1 - Whether a vow consists in a mere purpose of the will?Article. 2 - Whether a vow should always be about a better good?Article. 3 - Whether all vows are binding?Article. 4 - Whether it is expedient to take vows?Article. 5 - Whether a vow is an act of latria or religion?Article. 6 - Whether it is more praiseworthy and meritorious to do something in fulfilment of a vow, than without a vow?Article. 7 - Whether a vow is solemnized by the reception of holy orders, and by the profession of a certain rule?Article. 8 - Whether those who are subject to another's power are hindered from taking vows?Article. 9 - Whether children can bind themselves by vow to enter religion?Article. 10 - Whether vows admit of dispensation?Article. 11 - Whether it is possible to be dispensed from a solemn vow of continency?Article. 12 - Whether the authority of a prelate is required for commutation or the dispensation of a vow?Question. 89 - OF OATHS (TEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether to swear is to call God to witness?Article. 2 - Whether it is lawful to swear?Article. 3 - Whether three accompanying conditions of an oath are suitably assigned, namely, justice, judgment, and truth?Article. 4 - Whether an oath is an act of religion or latria?Article. 5 - Whether oaths are desirable and to be used frequently as something useful and good?Article. 6 - Whether it is lawful to swear by creatures?Article. 7 - Whether an oath has a binding force?Article. 8 - Whether an oath is more binding than a vow?Article. 9 - Whether anyone can dispense from an oath?Article. 10 - Whether an oath is voided by a condition of person or time?Article. 1 - Whether it is lawful to adjure a man?Article. 2 - Whether it is lawful to adjure the demons?Article. 3 - Whether it is lawful to adjure an irrational creature?Question. 91 - OF TAKING THE DIVINE NAME FOR THE PURPOSE OF INVOKING IT BY MEANS OF PRAISE (TWO ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether God should be praised with the lips?Article. 2 - Whether God should be praised with song?Question. 92 - OF SUPERSTITION (TWO ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether superstition is a vice contrary to religion?Article. 2 - Whether there are various species of superstition?Question. 93 - OF SUPERSTITION CONSISTING IN UNDUE WORSHIP OF THE TRUE GOD (TWO ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether there can be anything pernicious in the worship of the true God?Article. 2 - Whether there can be any excess in the worship of God?Article. 1 - Whether idolatry is rightly reckoned a species of superstition?Article. 2 - Whether idolatry is a sin?Article. 3 - Whether idolatry is the gravest of sins?Article. 4 - Whether the cause of idolatry was on the part of man?Question. 95 - OF SUPERSTITION IN DIVINATIONS (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether divination is a sin?Article. 2 - Whether divination is a species of superstition?Article. 3 - Whether we ought to distinguish several species of divination?Article. 4 - Whether divination practiced by invoking the demons is unlawful?Article. 5 - Whether divination by the stars is unlawful?Article. 6 - Whether divination by dreams is unlawful?Article. 7 - Whether divination by auguries, omens, and by like observations of external things is unlawful?Article. 8 - Whether divination by drawing lots is unlawful?Article. 1 - Whether it be unlawful to practice the observances of the magic art?Article. 2 - Whether observances directed to the alteration of bodies, as for the purpose of acquiring health or the like, are unlawful?Article. 3 - Whether observances directed to the purpose of fortune-telling are unlawful?Article. 4 - Whether it is unlawful to wear divine words at the neck?Question. 97 - OF THE TEMPTATION OF GOD (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the temptation of God consists in certain deeds, wherein the expected result is ascribed to the power of God alone?Article. 2 - Whether it is a sin to tempt God?Article. 3 - Whether temptation of God is opposed to the virtue of religion?Article. 4 - Whether the temptation of God is a graver sin than superstition?Article. 1 - Whether it is necessary for perjury that the statement confirmed on oath be false?Article. 2 - Whether all perjury is sinful?Article. 3 - Whether all perjury is a mortal sin?Article. 4 - Whether he sins who demands an oath of a perjurer?Article. 1 - Whether sacrilege is the violation of a sacred thing?Article. 2 - Whether sacrilege is a special sin?Article. 3 - Whether the species of sacrilege are distinguished according to the sacred things?Article. 4 - Whether the punishment of sacrilege should be pecuniary?Question. 100 - ON SIMONY (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether simony is an intentional will to buy or sell something spiritual or connected with a spiritual thing?Article. 2 - Whether it is always unlawful to give money for the sacraments?Article. 3 - Whether it is lawful to give and receive money for spiritual actions?Article. 4 - Whether it is lawful to receive money for things annexed to spiritual things?Article. 5 - Whether it is lawful to grant spiritual things in return for an equivalent of service, or for an oral remuneration?Article. 6 - Whether those who are guilty of simony are fittingly punished by being deprived of what they have acquired by simony?Question. 101 - OF PIETY (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether piety extends to particular human individuals?Article. 2 - Whether piety provides support for our parents?Article. 3 - Whether piety is a special virtue distinct from other virtues?Article. 4 - Whether the duties of piety towards one's parents should be omitted for the sake of religion?Article. 1 - Whether observance is a special virtue, distinct from other virtues?Article. 2 - Whether it belongs to observance to pay worship and honor to those who are in positions of dignity?Article. 3 - Whether observance is a greater virtue than piety?Question. 103 - OF DULIA (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether honor denotes something corporal?Article. 2 - Whether honor is properly due to those who are above us?Whether dulia is a special virtue distinct from latria?Article. 4 - Whether dulia has various species?Question. 104 - OF OBEDIENCE (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether one man is bound to obey another?Article. 2 - Whether obedience is a special virtue?Article. 3 - Whether obedience is the greatest of the virtues?Article. 4 - Whether God ought to be obeyed in all things?Article. 5 - Whether subjects are bound to obey their superiors in all things?Article. 6 - Whether Christians are bound to obey the secular powers?Article. 1 - Whether disobedience is a mortal sin?Article. 2 - Whether disobedience is the most grievous of sins?Question. 106 - OF THANKFULNESS OR GRATITUDE (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether thankfulness is a special virtue, distinct from other virtues?Article. 2 - Whether the innocent is more bound to give thanks to God than the penitent?Article. 3 - Whether a man is bound to give thanks to every benefactor?Article. 4 - Whether a man is bound to repay a favor at once?Article. 5 - Whether in giving thanks we should look at the benefactor's disposition or at the deed?Article. 6 - Whether the repayment of gratitude should surpass the favor received?Article. 1 - Whether ingratitude is always a sin?Article. 2 - Whether ingratitude is a special sin?Article. 3 - Whether ingratitude is always a mortal sin?Article. 4 - Whether favors should be withheld from the ungrateful?Article. 1 - Whether vengeance is lawful?Article. 2 - Whether vengeance is a special virtue?Article. 3 - Whether vengeance should be wrought by means of punishments customary among men?Article. 4 - Whether vengeance should be taken on those who have sinned involuntarily?Article. 1 - Whether truth is a virtue?Article. 2 - Whether truth is a special virtue?Article. 3 - Whether truth is a part of justice?Article. 4 - Whether the virtue of truth inclines rather to that which is less?Question. 110 - OF THE VICES OPPOSED TO TRUTH, AND FIRST OF LYING (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether lying is always opposed to truth?Article. 2 - Whether lies are sufficiently divided into officious, jocose, and mischievous lies?Article. 3 - Whether every lie is a sin?Article. 4 - Whether every lie is a mortal sin?Article. 1 - Whether all dissimulation is a sin?Article. 2 - Whether hypocrisy is the same as dissimulation?Article. 3 - Whether hypocrisy is contrary to the virtue of truth?Article. 4 - Whether hypocrisy is always a mortal sin?Article. 1 - Whether boasting is opposed to the virtue of truth?Article. 2 - Whether boasting is a mortal sin?Article. 1 - Whether irony is a sin?Article. 2 - Whether irony is a less grievous sin than boasting?Article. 1 - Whether friendliness is a special virtue?Article. 2 - Whether this kind of friendship is a part of justice?Article. 1 - Whether flattery is a sin?Article. 2 - Whether flattery is a mortal sin?Article. 1 - Whether quarreling is opposed to the virtue of friendship or affability?Article. 2 - Whether quarreling is a more grievous sin than flattery?Question. 117 - OF LIBERALITY (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether liberality is a virtue?Article. 2 - Whether liberality is about money?Article. 3 - Whether using money is the act of liberality?Article. 4 - Whether it belongs to a liberal man chiefly to give?Article. 5 - Whether liberality is a part of justice?Article. 6 - Whether liberality is the greatest of the virtues?Question. 118 - OF THE VICES OPPOSED TO LIBERALITY, AND IN THE FIRST PLACE, OF COVETOUSNESS (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether covetousness is a sin?Article. 2 - Whether covetousness is a special sin?Article. 3 - Whether covetousness is opposed to liberality?Article. 4 - Whether covetousness is always a mortal sin?Article. 5 - Whether covetousness is the greatest of sins?Article. 6 - Whether covetousness is a spiritual sin?Article. 7 - Whether covetousness is a capital vice?Article. 8 - Whether treachery, fraud, falsehood, perjury, restlessness, violence, and insensibility to mercy are daughters of covetousness?Article. 1 - Whether prodigality is opposite to covetousness?Article. 2 - Whether prodigality is a sin?Article. 3 - Whether prodigality is a more grievous sin than covetousness?Article. 1 - Whether 'epikeia' [*{epieikeia}] is a virtue?Article. 2 - Whether 'epikeia' is a part of justice?Article. 1 - Whether piety is a gift?Article. 2 - Whether the second beatitude, 'Blessed are the meek,' corresponds to the gift of piety?Article. 1 - Whether the precepts of the decalogue are precepts of justice?Article. 2 - Whether the first precept of the decalogue is fittingly expressed?Article. 3 - Whether the second precept of the decalogue is fittingly expressed?Article. 4 - Whether the third precept of the decalogue, concerning the hallowing of the Sabbath, is fittingly expressed?Article. 5 - Whether the fourth precept, about honoring one's parents, is fittingly expressed?Article. 6 - Whether the other six precepts of the decalogue are fittingly expressed?Question. 123 - OF FORTITUDE (TWELVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether fortitude is a virtue?Article. 2 - Whether fortitude is a special virtue?Article. 3 - Whether fortitude is about fear and dying?Article. 4 - Whether fortitude is only about dangers of death?Article. 5 - Whether fortitude is properly about dangers of death in battle?Article. 6 - Whether endurance is the chief act of fortitude?Article. 7 - Whether the brave man acts for the sake of the good of his habit?Article. 8 - Whether the brave man delights in his act?Article. 9 - Whether fortitude deals chiefly with sudden occurrences?Article. 10 - Whether the brave man makes use of anger in his action?Article. 12 - Whether fortitude excels among all other virtues?Article. 1 - Whether martyrdom is an act of virtue?Article. 2 - Whether martyrdom is an act of fortitude?Article. 3 - Whether martyrdom is an act of the greatest perfection?Article. 4 - Whether death is essential to martyrdom?Article. 5 - Whether faith alone is the cause of martyrdom?Article. 1 - Whether fear is a sin?Article. 2 - Whether the sin of fear is contrary to fortitude?Article. 3 - Whether fear is a mortal sin?Article. 4 - Whether fear excuses from sin?Article. 1 - Whether fearlessness is a sin?Article. 2 - Whether fearlessness is opposed to fortitude?Article. 1 - Whether daring is a sin?Article. 2 - Whether daring is opposed to fortitude?Article. 1 - Whether the parts of fortitude are suitably assigned?Question. 129 - OF MAGNANIMITY* (EIGHT ARTICLES) [*Not in the ordinary restricted sense but as explained by the author]Article. 1 - Whether magnanimity is about honors?Article. 2 - Whether magnanimity is essentially about great honors?Article. 3 - Whether magnanimity is a virtue?Article. 4 - Whether magnanimity is a special virtue?Article. 5 - Whether magnanimity is a part of fortitude?Article. 6 - Whether confidence belongs to magnanimity?Article. 7 - Whether security belongs to magnanimity?Article. 8 - Whether goods of fortune conduce to magnanimity?Question. 130 - OF PRESUMPTION (TWO ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether presumption is a sin?Article. 2 - Whether presumption is opposed to magnanimity by excess?Article. 1 - Whether ambition is a sin?Article. 2 - Whether ambition is opposed to magnanimity by excess?Article. 1 - Whether the desire of glory is a sin?Article. 2 - Whether vainglory is opposed to magnanimity?Article. 3 - Whether vainglory is a mortal sin?Article. 4 - Whether vainglory is a capital vice?Article. 5 - Whether the daughters of vainglory are suitably reckoned to be disobedience, boastfulness, hypocrisy, contention, obstinacy, discord, and love of novelties?Article. 1 - Whether pusillanimity is a sin?Article. 2 - Whether pusillanimity is opposed to magnanimity?Article. 1 - Whether magnificence is a virtue?Article. 2 - Whether magnificence is a special virtue?Article. 3 - Whether the matter of magnificence is great expenditure?Article. 4 - Whether magnificence is a part of fortitude?Article. 1 - Whether meanness is a vice?Article. 2 - Whether there is a vice opposed to meanness?Article. 1 - Whether patience is a virtue?Article. 2 - Whether patience is the greatest of the virtues?Article. 3 - Whether it is possible to have patience without grace?Article. 4 - Whether patience is a part of fortitude?Article. 5 - Whether patience is the same as longanimity? [*Longsuffering. It is necessary to preserve the Latin word, on account of the comparison with magnanimity.]Article. 1 - Whether perseverance is a virtue?Article. 2 - Whether perseverance is a part of fortitude?Article. 3 - Whether constancy pertains to perseverance?Article. 4 - Whether perseverance needs the help of grace? [*Cf. FS, Q[109], A[10]]Article. 1 - Whether effeminacy* is opposed to perseverance? [*Mollities, literally 'softness']Article. 2 - Whether pertinacity is opposed to perseverance?Article. 1 - Whether fortitude is a gift?Article. 2 - Whether the fourth beatitude: 'Blessed are they that hunger and thirst after justice,' corresponds to the gift of fortitude?Article. 1 - Whether the precepts of fortitude are suitably given in the Divine Law?Article. 2 - Whether the precepts of the parts of fortitude are suitably given in the Divine Law?Question. 141 - OF TEMPERANCE (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether temperance is a virtue?Article. 2 - Whether temperance is a special virtue?Article. 3 - Whether temperance is only about desires and pleasures?Article. 4 - Whether temperance is only about desires and pleasures of touch?Article. 5 - Whether temperance is about the pleasures proper to the taste?Article. 6 - Whether the rule of temperance depends on the need of the present life?Article. 7 - Whether temperance is a cardinal virtue?Article. 8 - Whether temperance is the greatest of the virtues?Article. 1 - Whether insensibility is a vice?Article. 2 - Whether intemperance is a childish sin?Article. 3 - Whether cowardice* is a greater vice than intemperance? [*Cf. Q[125]]Article. 4 - Whether intemperance is the most disgraceful of sins?Article. 1 - Whether the parts of temperance are rightly assigned?Question. 144 - OF SHAMEFACEDNESS (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether shamefacedness is a virtue?Article. 2 - Whether shamefacedness is about a disgraceful action?Article. 3 - Whether man is more shamefaced of those who are more closely connected with him?Article. 4 - Whether even virtuous men can be ashamed?Article. 1 - Whether honesty is the same as virtue?Article. 2 - Whether the honest is the same as the beautiful?Article. 3 - Whether the honest differs from the useful and the pleasant?Article. 4 - Whether honesty should be reckoned a part of temperance?Question. 146 - OF ABSTINENCE (TWO ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether abstinence is a virtue?Article. 2 - Whether abstinence is a special virtue?Question. 147 - OF FASTING (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether fasting is an act of virtue?Article. 2 - Whether fasting is an act of abstinence?Article. 3 - Whether fasting is a matter of precept?Article. 4 - Whether all are bound to keep the fasts of the Church?Article. 5 - Whether the times for the Church fast are fittingly ascribed?Article. 6 - Whether it is requisite for fasting that one eat but once?Article. 7 - Whether the ninth hour is suitably fixed for the faster's meal?Article. 8 - Whether it is fitting that those who fast should be bidden to abstain from flesh meat, eggs, and milk foods?Article. 1 - Whether gluttony is a sin?Article. 2 - Whether gluttony is a mortal sin?Article. 3 - Whether gluttony is the greatest of sins?Article. 4 - Whether the species of gluttony are fittingly distinguished?Article. 5 - Whether gluttony is a capital vice?Article. 6 - Whether six daughters are fittingly assigned to gluttony?Article. 1 - Whether drink is the matter of sobriety?Article. 2 - Whether sobriety is by itself a special virtue?Article. 3 - Whether the use of wine is altogether unlawful?Article. 4 - Whether sobriety is more requisite in persons of greater standing?Article. 1 - Whether drunkenness is a sin?Article. 2 - Whether drunkenness is a mortal sin?Article. 3 - Whether drunkenness is the gravest of sins?Article. 4 - Whether drunkenness excuses from sin?Question. 151 - OF CHASTITY (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether chastity is a virtue?Article. 2 - Whether chastity is a general virtue?Article. 3 - Whether chastity is a distinct virtue from abstinence?Article. 4 - Whether purity belongs especially to chastity?Article. 1 - Whether virginity consists in integrity of the flesh?Article. 2 - Whether virginity is unlawful?Article. 3 - Whether virginity is a virtue?Article. 4 - Whether virginity is more excellent than marriage?Article. 5 - Whether virginity is the greatest of virtues?Question. 153 - OF LUST (FIVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the matter of lust is only venereal desires and pleasures?Article. 2 - Whether no venereal act can be without sin?Article. 3 - Whether the lust that is about venereal acts can be a sin?Article. 4 - Whether lust is a capital vice?Article. 5 - Whether the daughters of lust are fittingly described?Question. 154 - OF THE PARTS OF LUST (TWELVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether six species are fittingly assigned to lust?Article. 2 - Whether simple fornication is a mortal sin?Article. 3 - Whether fornication is the most grievous of sins?Article. 4 - Whether there can be mortal sin in touches and kisses?Article. 5 - Whether nocturnal pollution is a mortal sin?Article. 6 - Whether seduction should be reckoned a species of lust?Article. 7 - Whether rape is a species of lust, distinct from seduction?Article. 8 - Whether adultery is determinate species of lust, distinct from the other species?Article. 9 - Whether incest is a determinate species of lust?Article. 10 - Whether sacrilege can be a species of lust?Article. 11 - Whether the unnatural vice is a species of lust?Article. 12 - Whether the unnatural vice is the greatest sin among the species of lust?Article. 1 - Whether continence is a virtue?Article. 2 - Whether desires for pleasures of touch are the matter of continence?Article. 3 - Whether the subject of continence is the concupiscible power?Article. 4 - Whether continence is better than temperance?Article. 1 - Whether incontinence pertains to the soul or to the body?Article. 2 - Whether incontinence is a sin?Article. 3 - Whether the incontinent man sins more gravely than the intemperate?Article. 4 - Whether the incontinent in anger is worse than the incontinent in desire?Article. 1 - Whether clemency and meekness are absolutely the same?Article. 2 - Whether both clemency and meekness are virtues?Article. 3 - Whether the aforesaid virtues are parts of temperance?Article. 4 - Whether clemency and meekness are the greatest virtues?Question. 158 - OF ANGER (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether it is lawful to be angry?Article. 2 - Whether anger is a sin?Article. 3 - Whether all anger is a mortal sin?Article. 4 - Whether anger is the most grievous sin?Article. 5 - Whether the Philosopher suitably assigns the species of anger?Article. 6 - Whether anger should be reckoned among the capital vices?Article. 7 - Whether six daughters are fittingly assigned to anger?Article. 8 - Whether there is a vice opposed to anger resulting from lack of anger?Article. 1 - Whether cruelty is opposed to clemency?Article. 2 - Whether cruelty differs from savagery or brutality?Article. 1 - Whether modesty is a part of temperance?Article. 2 - Whether modesty is only about outward actions?Question. 161 - OF HUMILITY (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether humility is a virtue?Article. 2 - Whether humility has to do with the appetite?Article. 3 - Whether one ought, by humility, to subject oneself to all men?Article. 4 - Whether humility is a part of modesty or temperance?Article. 5 - Whether humility is the greatest of the virtues?Article. 6 - Whether twelve degrees of humility are fittingly distinguished in the Rule of the Blessed Benedict?Question. 162 - OF PRIDE (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether pride is a sin?Article. 2 - Whether pride is a special sin?Article. 3 - Whether the subject of pride is the irascible faculty?Article. 4 - Whether the four species of pride are fittingly assigned by Gregory?Article. 5 - Whether pride is a mortal sin?Article. 6 - Whether pride is the most grievous of sins?Article. 7 - Whether pride is the first sin of all?Article. 8 - Whether pride should be reckoned a capital vice?Question. 163 - OF THE FIRST MAN'S SIN (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether pride was the first man's first sin?Article. 2 - Whether the first man's pride consisted in his coveting God's likeness?Article. 3 - Whether the sin of our first parents was more grievous than other sins?Article. 4 - Whether Adam's sin was more grievous than Eve's?Article. 1 - Whether death is the punishment of our first parents' sin?Article. 2 - Whether the particular punishments of our first parents are suitably appointed in Scripture?Article. 1 - Whether it was fitting for man to be tempted by the devil?Article. 2 - Whether the manner and order of the first temptation was fitting?Article. 1 - Whether the proper matter of studiousness is knowledge?Article. 2 - Whether studiousness is a part of temperance?Article. 1 - Whether curiosity can be about intellective knowledge?Article. 2 - Whether the vice of curiosity is about sensitive knowledge?Question. 168 - OF MODESTY AS CONSISTING IN THE OUTWARD MOVEMENTS OF THE BODY (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether any virtue regards the outward movements of the body?Article. 2 - Whether there can be a virtue about games?Article. 3 - Whether there can be sin in the excess of play?Article. 4 - Whether there is a sin in lack of mirth?Article. 1 - Whether there can be virtue and vice in connection with outward apparel?Article. 2 - Whether the adornment of women is devoid of mortal sin?Article. 1 - Whether the precepts of temperance are suitably given in the Divine law?Article. 2 - Whether the precepts of the virtues annexed to temperance are suitably given in the Divine law?Question. 171 - OF PROPHECY (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether prophecy pertains to knowledge?Article. 2 - Whether prophecy is a habit?Article. 3 - Whether prophecy is only about future contingencies?Article. 4 - Whether by the Divine revelation a prophet knows all that can be known prophetically?Article. 5 - Whether the prophet always distinguishes what he says by his own spirit from what he says by the prophetic spirit?Article. 6 - Whether things known or declared prophetically can be false?Question. 172 - OF THE CAUSE OF PROPHECY (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether prophecy can be natural?Article. 2 - Whether prophetic revelation comes through the angels?Article. 3 - Whether a natural disposition is requisite for prophecy?Article. 4 - Whether a good life is requisite for prophecy?Article. 5 - Whether any prophecy comes from the demons?Article. 6 - Whether the prophets of the demons ever foretell the truth?Question. 173 - OF THE MANNER IN WHICH PROPHETIC KNOWLEDGE IS CONVEYED (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the prophets see the very essence of God?Article. 2 - Whether, in prophetic revelation, new species of things are impressed on the prophet's mind, or merely a new light?Article. 3 - Whether the prophetic vision is always accompanied by abstraction from the senses?Article. 4 - Whether prophets always know the things which they prophesy?Question. 174 - OF THE DIVISION OF PROPHECY (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether prophecy is fittingly divided into the prophecy of divine predestination, of foreknowledge, and of denunciation?Article. 2 - Whether the prophecy which is accompanied by intellective and imaginative vision is more excellent than that which is accompanied by intellective vision alone?Article. 3 - Whether the degrees of prophecy can be distinguished according to the imaginary vision?Article. 4 - Whether Moses was the greatest of the prophets?Article. 5 - Whether there is a degree of prophecy in the blessed?Article. 6 - Whether the degrees of prophecy change as time goes on?Question. 175 - OF RAPTURE (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the soul of man is carried away to things divine?Article. 2 - Whether rapture pertains to the cognitive rather than to the appetitive power?Article. 3 - Whether Paul, when in rapture, saw the essence of God?Article. 4 - Whether Paul, when in rapture, was withdrawn from his senses?Article. 5 - Whether, while in this state, Paul's soul was wholly separated from his body?Article. 6 - Did Paul know whether his soul were separated from his body?Question. 176 - OF THE GRACE OF TONGUES (TWO ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether those who received the gift of tongues spoke in every language?Article. 2 - Whether the gift of tongues is more excellent than the grace of prophecy?Question. 177 - OF THE GRATUITOUS GRACE CONSISTING IN WORDS (TWO ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether any gratuitous grace attaches to words?Article. 2 - Whether the grace of the word of wisdom and knowledge is becoming to women?Article. 1 - Whether there is a gratuitous grace of working miracles?Article. 2 - Whether the wicked can work miracles?Question. 179 - OF THE DIVISION OF LIFE INTO ACTIVE AND CONTEMPLATIVE (TWO ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether life is fittingly divided into active and contemplative?Article. 2 - Whether life is adequately divided into active and contemplative?Question. 180 - OF THE CONTEMPLATIVE LIFE (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the contemplative life has nothing to do with the affections, and pertains wholly to the intellect?Article. 2 - Whether the moral virtues pertain to the contemplative life?Article. 3 - Whether there are various actions pertaining to the contemplative life?Article. 4 - Whether the contemplative life consists in the mere contemplation of God, or also in the consideration of any truth whatever?Article. 5 - Whether in the present state of life the contemplative life can reach to the vision of the Divine essence?Article. 6 - Whether the operation of contemplation is fittingly divided into a threefold movement, circular, straight and oblique?Article. 7 - Whether there is delight in contemplation?Article. 8 - Whether the contemplative life is continuous?Article. 1 - Whether all the actions of the moral virtues pertain to the active life?Article. 2 - Whether prudence pertains to the active life?Article. 3 - Whether teaching is a work of the active or of the contemplative life?Article. 4 - Whether the active life remains after this life?Article. 1 - Whether the active life is more excellent than the contemplative?Article. 2 - Whether the active life is of greater merit than the contemplative?Article. 3 - Whether the contemplative life is hindered by the active life?Article. 4 - Whether the active life precedes the contemplative?Question. 183 - OF MAN'S VARIOUS DUTIES AND STATES IN GENERAL (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the notion of a state denotes a condition of freedom or servitude?Article. 2 - Whether there should be different duties or states in the Church?Article. 3 - Whether duties differ according to their actions?Article. 4 - Whether the difference of states applies to those who are beginning, progressing, or perfect?Question. 184 - OF THE STATE OF PERFECTION IN GENERAL (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the perfection of the Christian life consists chiefly in charity?Article. 2 - Whether any one can be perfect in this life?Article. 3 - Whether, in this life, perfection consists in the observance of the commandments or of the counsels?Article. 4 - Whether whoever is perfect is in the state of perfection?Article. 5 - Whether religious and prelates are in the state of perfection?Article. 6 - Whether all ecclesiastical prelates are in the state of perfection?Article. 7 - Whether the religious state is more perfect than that of prelates?Article. 8 - Whether parish priests and archdeacons are more perfect than religious?Question. 185 - OF THINGS PERTAINING TO THE EPISCOPAL STATE (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether it is lawful to desire the office of a bishop?Article. 2 - Whether it is lawful for a man to refuse absolutely an appointment to the episcopate?Article. 3 - Whether he that is appointed to the episcopate ought to be better than others?Article. 4 - Whether a bishop may lawfully forsake the episcopal cure, in order to enter religion?Article. 5 - Whether it is lawful for a bishop on account of bodily persecution to abandon the flock committed to his care?Article. 6 - Whether it is lawful for a bishop to have property of his own?Article. 7 - Whether bishops sin mortally if they distribute not to the poor the ecclesiastical goods which accrue to them?Article. 8 - Whether religious who are raised to the episcopate are bound to religious observances?Question. 186 - OF THOSE THINGS IN WHICH THE RELIGIOUS STATE PROPERLY CONSISTS (TEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether religion implies a state of perfection?Article. 2 - Whether every religious is bound to keep all the counsels?Article. 3 - Whether poverty is required for religious perfection?Article. 4 - Whether perpetual continence is required for religious perfection?Article. 5 - Whether obedience belongs to religious perfection?Article. 6 - Whether it is requisite for religious perfection that poverty, continence, and obedience should come under a vow?Article. 7 - Whether it is right to say that religious perfection consists in these three vows?Article. 8 - Whether the vow of obedience is the chief of the three religious vows?Article. 9 - Whether a religious sins mortally whenever he transgresses the things contained in his rule?Article. 10 - Whether a religious sins more grievously than a secular by the same kind of sin?Question. 187 - OF THOSE THINGS THAT ARE COMPETENT TO RELIGIOUS (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether it is lawful for religious to teach, preach, and the like?Article. 2 - Whether it is lawful for religious to occupy themselves with secular business?Article. 3 - Whether religious are bound to manual labor?Article. 4 - Whether it is lawful for religious to live on alms?Article. 5 - Whether it is lawful for religious to beg?Article. 6 - Whether it is lawful for religious to wear coarser clothes than others?Question. 188 - OF THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF RELIGIOUS LIFE (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether there is only one religious order?Article. 2 - Whether a religious order should be established for the works of the active life?Article. 3 - Whether a religious order can be directed to soldiering?Article. 4 - Whether a religious order can be established for preaching or hearing confessions?Article. 5 - Whether a religious order should be established for the purpose of study?Article. 6 - Whether a religious order that is devoted to the contemplative life is more excellent than on that is given to the active life?Article. 7 - Whether religious perfection is diminished by possessing something in common?Article. 8 - Whether the religious life of those who live in community is more perfect than that of those who lead a solitary life?Question. 189 - OF THE ENTRANCE INTO RELIGIOUS LIFE (TEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether those who are not practiced in keeping the commandments should enter religion?Article. 2 - Whether one ought to be bound by vow to enter religion?Article. 3 - Whether one who is bound by a vow to enter religion is under an obligation of entering religion?Article. 4 - Whether he who has vowed to enter religion is bound to remain in religion in perpetuity?Article. 5 - Whether children should be received in religion?Article. 6 - Whether one ought to be withdrawn from entering religion through deference to one's parents?Article. 7 - Whether parish priests may lawfully enter religion?Article. 8 - Whether it is lawful to pass from one religious order to another?Article. 9 - Whether one ought to induce others to enter religion?Article. 10 - Whether it is praiseworthy to enter religion without taking counsel of many, and previously deliberating for a long time?PrologueQuestion. 1 - OF THE FITNESS OF THE INCARNATION (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether it was fitting that God should become incarnate?Article. 2 - Whether it was necessary for the restoration of the human race that the Word of God should become incarnate?Article. 3 - Whether, if man had not sinned, God would have become incarnate?Article. 4 - Whether God became incarnate in order to take away actual sin, rather than to take away original sin?Article. 5 - Whether it was fitting that God should become incarnate in the beginning of the human race?Article. 6 - Whether the Incarnation ought to have been put off till the end of the world?Question. 2 - OF THE MODE OF UNION OF THE WORD INCARNATE (TWELVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the Union of the Incarnate Word took place in the nature?Article. 2 - Whether the union of the Incarnate Word took place in the Person?Article. 3 - Whether the union of the Word Incarnate took place in the suppositum or hypostasis?Article. 4 - Whether after the Incarnation the Person or Hypostasis of Christ is composite?Article. 5 - Whether in Christ there is any union of soul and body?Article. 6 - Whether the human nature was united to the Word of God accidentally?Article. 7 - Whether the union of the Divine nature and the human is anything created?Article. 8 - Whether union is the same as assumption?Article. 9 - Whether the union of the two natures in Christ is the greatest of all unions?Article. 10 - Whether the union of the Incarnation took place by grace?Article. 11 - Whether any merits preceded the union of the Incarnation?Article. 12 - Whether the grace of union was natural to the man Christ?Question. 3 - OF THE MODE OF UNION ON THE PART OF THE PERSON ASSUMING (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether it is befitting for a Divine Person to assume?Article. 2 - Whether it is befitting to the Divine Nature to assume?Article. 3 - Whether the Nature abstracted from the Personality can assume?Article. 4 - Whether one Person without another can assume a created nature?Article. 5 - Whether each of the Divine Persons could have assumed human nature?Article. 6 - Whether several Divine Persons can assume one and the same individual nature?Article. 7 - Whether one Divine Person can assume two human natures?Article. 8 - Whether it was more fitting that the Person of the Son rather than any other Divine Person should assume human nature?Question. 4 - OF THE MODE OF UNION ON THE PART OF THE HUMAN NATURE (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether human nature was more assumable by the Son of God than any other nature?Article. 2 - Whether the Son of God assumed a person?Article. 3 - Whether the Divine Person assumed a man?Article. 4 - Whether the Son of God ought to have assumed human nature abstracted from all individuals?Article. 5 - Whether the Son of God ought to have assumed human nature in all individuals?Article. 6 - Whether it was fitting for the Son of God to assume human nature of the stock of Adam?Question. 5 - OF THE PARTS OF HUMAN NATURE WHICH WERE ASSUMED (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the Son of God ought to have assumed a true body?Article. 2 - Whether the Son of God ought to have assumed a carnal or earthly body?Article. 3 - Whether the Son of God assumed a soul?Article. 4 - Whether the Son of God assumed a human mind or intellect?Question. 6 - OF THE ORDER OF ASSUMPTION (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the Son of God assumed flesh through the medium of the soul?Article. 2 - Whether the Son of God assumed a soul through the medium of the spirit or mind?Article. 3 - Whether the soul was assumed before the flesh by the Son of God?Article. 4 - Whether the flesh of Christ was assumed by the Word before being united to the soul?Article. 5 - Whether the whole human nature was assumed through the medium of the parts?Article. 6 - Whether the human nature was assumed through the medium of grace?Question. 7 - OF THE GRACE OF CHRIST AS AN INDIVIDUAL MAN (THIRTEEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether in the Soul of Christ there was any habitual grace?Article. 2 - Whether in Christ there were virtues?Article. 3 - Whether in Christ there was faith?Article. 4 - Whether in Christ there was hope?Article. 5 - Whether in Christ there were the gifts?Article. 6 - Whether in Christ there was the gift of fear?Article. 7 - Whether the gratuitous graces were in Christ?Article. 8 - Whether in Christ there was the gift of prophecy?Article. 9 - Whether in Christ there was the fulness of grace?Article. 10 - Whether the fulness of grace is proper to Christ?Article. 11 - Whether the grace of Christ is infinite?Article. 12 - Whether the grace of Christ could increase?Article. 13 - Whether the habitual grace of Christ followed after the union?Question. 8 - OF THE GRACE OF CHRIST, AS HE IS THE HEAD OF THE CHURCH (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether Christ is the Head of the Church?Article. 2 - Whether Christ is the Head of men as to their bodies or only as to their souls?Article. 3 - Whether Christ is the Head of all men?Article. 4 - Whether Christ is the Head of the angels?Article. 5 - Whether the grace of Christ, as Head of the Church, is the same as His habitual grace, inasmuch as He is Man?Article. 6 - Whether it is proper to Christ to be Head of the Church?Article. 7 - Whether the devil is the head of all the wicked?Article. 8 - Whether Anti-christ may be called the head of all the wicked?Question. 9 - OF CHRIST'S KNOWLEDGE IN GENERAL (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether Christ had any knowledge besides the Divine?Article. 2 - Whether Christ had the knowledge which the blessed or comprehensors have?Article. 3 - Whether Christ had an imprinted or infused knowledge?Article. 4 - Whether Christ had any acquired knowledge?Question. 10 - OF THE BEATIFIC KNOWLEDGE OF CHRIST'S SOUL (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the soul of Christ comprehended the Word or the Divine Essence?Article. 2 - Whether the Son of God knew all things in the Word?Article. 3 - Whether the soul of Christ can know the infinite in the Word?Article. 4 - Whether the soul of Christ sees the Word or the Divine Essence more clearly than does any other creature?Question. 11 - OF THE KNOWLEDGE IMPRINTED OR INFUSED IN THE SOUL OF CHRIST (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether by this imprinted or infused knowledge Christ knew all things?Article. 2 - Whether Christ could use this knowledge by turning to phantasms?Article. 3 - Whether this knowledge is collative?Article. 4 - Whether in Christ this knowledge was greater than the knowledge of the angels?Article. 5 - Whether this knowledge was habitual?Article. 6 - Whether this knowledge was distinguished by divers habits?Article. 1 - Whether Christ knew all things by this acquired or empiric knowledge?Article. 2 - Whether Christ advanced in acquired or empiric knowledge?Article. 3 - Whether Christ learned anything from man?Article. 4 - Whether Christ received knowledge from the angels?Article. 1 - Whether the soul of Christ had omnipotence?Article. 2 - Whether the soul of Christ had omnipotence with regard to the transmutation of creatures?Article. 3 - Whether the soul of Christ had omnipotence with regard to His own body?Article. 4 - Whether the soul of Christ had omnipotence as regards the execution of His will?Question. 14 - OF THE DEFECTS OF BODY ASSUMED BY THE SON OF GOD (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the Son of God in human nature ought to have assumed defects of body?Article. 2 - Whether Christ was of necessity subject to these defects?Article. 3 - Whether Christ contracted these defects?Article. 4 - Whether Christ ought to have assumed all the bodily defects of men?Question. 15 - OF THE DEFECTS OF SOUL ASSUMED BY CHRIST (TEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether there was sin in Christ?Article. 2 - Whether there was the 'fomes' of sin in Christ?Article. 3 - Whether in Christ there was ignorance?Article. 4 - Whether Christ's soul was passible?Article. 5 - Whether there was sensible pain in Christ?Article. 6 - Whether there was sorrow in Christ?Article. 7 - Whether there was fear in Christ?Article. 8 - Whether there was wonder in Christ?Article. 9 - Whether there was anger in Christ?Article. 10 - Whether Christ was at once a wayfarer and a comprehensor?Question. 16 - OF THOSE THINGS WHICH ARE APPLICABLE TO CHRIST IN HIS BEING AND BECOMING (TWELVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether this is true: 'God is man'?Article. 2 - Whether this is true: 'Man is God'?Article. 3 - Whether Christ can be called a lordly man?Article. 4 - Whether what belongs to the human nature can be predicated of God?Article. 5 - Whether what belongs to the human nature can be predicated of the Divine Nature?Article. 6 - Whether this is true: 'God was made man'?Article. 7 - Whether this is true: 'Man was made God'?Article. 8 - Whether this is true: 'Christ is a creature'?Article. 9 - Whether this Man, i.e. Christ, began to be?Article. 10 - Whether this is true: 'Christ as Man is a creature'?Article. 11 - Whether this is true: 'Christ as Man is God'?Article. 12 - Whether this is true: 'Christ as Man is a hypostasis or person'?Question. 17 - OF CHRIST'S UNITY OF BEING (TWO ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether Christ is one or two?Article. 2 - Whether there is only one being in Christ?Question. 18 - OF CHRIST'S UNITY OF WILL (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether there are two wills in Christ?Article. 2 - Whether in Christ there was a will of sensuality besides the will of reason?Article. 3 - Whether in Christ there were two wills as regards the reason?Article. 4 - Whether there was free-will in Christ?Article. 5 - Whether the human will of Christ was altogether conformed to the Divine will in the thing willed?Article. 6 - Whether there was contrariety of wills in Christ?Question. 19 - OF THE UNITY OF CHRIST'S OPERATION (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether in Christ there is only one operation of the Godhead and Manhood?Article. 2 - Whether in Christ there are several human operations?Article. 3 - Whether the human action of Christ could be meritorious to Him?Article. 4 - Whether Christ could merit for others?Question. 20 - OF CHRIST'S SUBJECTION TO THE FATHER (TWO ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether we may say that Christ is subject to the Father?Article. 2 - Whether Christ is subject to Himself?Article. 1 - Whether it is becoming of Christ to pray?Article. 2 - Whether it pertains to Christ to pray according to His sensuality?Article. 3 - Whether it was fitting that Christ should pray for Himself?Article. 4 - Whether Christ's prayer was always heard?Question. 22 - OF THE PRIESTHOOD OF CHRIST (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether it is fitting that Christ should be a priest?Article. 2 - Whether Christ was Himself both priest and victim?Article. 3 - Whether the effect of Christ's priesthood is the expiation of sins?Article. 4 - Whether the effect of the priesthood of Christ pertained not only to others, but also to Himself?Article. 5 - Whether the priesthood of Christ endures for ever?Article. 6 - Whether the priesthood of Christ was according to the order of Melchisedech?Question. 23 - OF ADOPTION AS BEFITTING TO CHRIST (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether it is fitting that God should adopt sons?Article. 2 - Whether it is fitting that the whole Trinity should adopt?Article. 3 - Whether it is proper to the rational nature to be adopted?Article. 4 - Whether Christ as man is the adopted Son of God?Article. 1 - Whether it is befitting that Christ should be predestinated?Article. 2 - Whether this proposition is false: 'Christ as man was predestinated to be the Son of God'?Article. 3 - Whether Christ's predestination is the exemplar of ours?Article. 4 - Whether Christ's predestination is the cause of ours?Question. 25 - OF THE ADORATION OF CHRIST (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether Christ's humanity and Godhead are to be adored with the same adoration?Article. 2 - Whether Christ's humanity should be adored with the adoration of 'latria'?Article. 3 - Whether the image of Christ should be adored with the adoration of 'latria'?Article. 4 - Whether Christ's cross should be worshipped with the adoration of 'latria'?Article. 5 - Whether the Mother of God should be worshipped with the adoration of 'latria'?Article. 6 - Whether any kind of worship is due to the relics of the saints?Article. 1 - Whether it is proper to Christ to be the Mediator of God and man?Article. 2 - Whether Christ, is the Mediator of God and men?Question. 27 - OF THE SANCTIFICATION OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the Blessed Virgin was sanctified before her birth from the womb?Article. 2 - Whether the Blessed Virgin was sanctified before animation?Article. 3 - Whether the Blessed Virgin was cleansed from the infection of the fomes?Article. 4 - Whether by being sanctified in the womb the Blessed Virgin was preserved from all actual sin?Article. 5 - Whether, by her sanctification in the womb, the Blessed Virgin received the fulness of grace?Article. 6 - Whether after Christ, it was proper to the Blessed Virgin to be sanctified in the womb?Article. 1 - Whether the Mother of God was a virgin in conceiving Christ?Article. 2 - Whether Christ's Mother was a virgin in His birth?Article. 3 - Whether Christ's Mother remained a virgin after His birth?Article. 4 - Whether the Mother of God took a vow of virginity?Article. 1 - Whether Christ should have been born of an espoused virgin?Article. 2 - Whether there was a true marriage between Mary and Joseph?Question. 30 - OF THE ANNUNCIATION OF THE BLESSED VIRGIN (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether it was necessary to announce to the Blessed Virgin that which was to be done in her?Article. 2 - Whether the annunciation should have been made by an angel to the Blessed Virgin?Article. 3 - Whether the angel of annunciation should have appeared to the Virgin in a bodily vision?Article. 4 - Whether the Annunciation took place in becoming order?Question. 31 - OF THE MATTER FROM WHICH THE SAVIOUR'S BODY WAS CONCEIVED (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the flesh of Christ was derived from Adam?Article. 2 - Whether Christ took flesh of the seed of David?Article. 3 - Whether Christ's genealogy is suitably traced by the evangelists?Article. 4 - Whether the matter of Christ's body should have been taken from a woman?Article. 5 - Whether the flesh of Christ was conceived of the Virgin's purest blood?Article. 6 - Whether Christ's body was in Adam and the other patriarchs, as to something signate?Article. 7 - Whether Christ's flesh in the patriarchs was infected by sin?Article. 8 - Whether Christ paid tithes in Abraham's loins?Question. 32 - OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLE IN CHRIST'S CONCEPTION (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the accomplishment of Christ's conception should be attributed to the Holy Ghost?Article. 2 - Whether it should be said that Christ was conceived of [de] the Holy Ghost?Article. 3 - Whether the Holy Ghost should be called Christ's father in respect of His humanity?Article. 4 - Whether the Blessed Virgin cooperated actively in the conception of Christ's body?Question. 33 - OF THE MODE AND ORDER OF CHRIST'S CONCEPTION (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether Christ's body was formed in the first instant of its conception?Article. 2 - Whether Christ's body was animated in the first instant of its conception?Article. 3 - Whether Christ's flesh was first of all conceived and afterwards assumed?Article. 4 - Whether Christ's conception was natural?Question. 34 - OF THE PERFECTION OF THE CHILD CONCEIVED (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether Christ was sanctified in the first instant of His conception?Article. 2 - Whether Christ as man had the use of free-will in the first instant of His conception?Article. 3 - Whether Christ could merit in the first instant of His conception?Article. 4 - Whether Christ was a perfect comprehensor in the first instant of His conception?Question. 35 - OF CHRIST'S NATIVITY (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether nativity regards the nature rather than the person?Article. 2 - Whether a temporal nativity should be attributed to Christ?Article. 3 - Whether the Blessed Virgin can be called Christ's Mother in respect of His temporal nativity?Article. 4 - Whether the Blessed Virgin should be called the Mother of God?Article. 5 - Whether there are two filiations in Christ?Article. 6 - Whether Christ was born without His Mother suffering?Article. 7 - Whether Christ should have been born in Bethlehem?Article. 8 - Whether Christ was born at a fitting time?Question. 36 - OF THE MANIFESTATION OF THE NEWLY BORN CHRIST (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether Christ's birth should have been made known to all?Article. 2 - Whether Christ's birth should have been made known to some?Article. 3 - Whether those to whom Christ's birth was made known were suitably chosen?Article. 4 - Whether Christ Himself should have made His birth know?Article. 5 - Whether Christ's birth should have been manifested by means of the angels and the star?Article. 6 - Whether Christ's birth was made known in a becoming order?Article. 7 - Whether the star which appeared to the Magi belonged to the heavenly system?Article. 8 - Whether it was becoming that the Magi should come to adore Christ and pay homage to Him?Question. 37 - OF CHRIST'S CIRCUMCISION, AND OF THE OTHER LEGAL OBSERVANCES ACCOMPLISHED IN REGARD TO THE CHILD CHRIST (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether Christ should have been circumcised?Article. 2 - Whether His name was suitably given to Christ?Article. 3 - Whether Christ was becomingly presented in the temple?Article. 4 - Whether it was fitting that the Mother of God should go to the temple to be purified?Question. 38 - OF THE BAPTISM OF JOHN (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether it was fitting that John should baptize?Article. 2 - Whether the baptism of John was from God?Article. 3 - Whether grace was given in the baptism of John?Article. 4 - Whether Christ alone should have been baptized with the baptism of John?Article. 5 - Whether John's baptism should have ceased after Christ was baptized?Article. 6 - Whether those who had been baptized with John's baptism had to be baptized with the baptism of Christ?Question. 39 - OF THE BAPTIZING OF CHRIST (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether it was fitting that Christ should be baptized?Article. 2 - Whether it was fitting for Christ to be baptized with John's baptism?Article. 3 - Whether Christ was baptized at a fitting time?Article. 4 - Whether Christ should have been baptized in the Jordan?Article. 5 - Whether the heavens should have been opened unto Christ at His baptism?Article. 6 - Whether it is fitting to say that when Christ was baptized the Holy Ghost came down on Him in the form of a dove?Article. 7 - Whether the dove in which the Holy Ghost appeared was real?Article. 8 - Whether it was becoming, when Christ was baptized that the Father's voice should be heard, bearing witness to the Son?Question. 40 - OF CHRIST'S MANNER OF LIFE (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether Christ should have associated with men, or led a solitary life?Article. 2 - Whether it was becoming that Christ should lead an austere life in this world?Article. 3 - Whether Christ should have led a life of poverty in this world?Article. 4 - Whether Christ conformed His conduct to the Law?Article. 1 - Whether it was becoming that Christ should be tempted?Article. 2 - Whether Christ should have been tempted in the desert?Article. 3 - Whether Christ's temptation should have taken place after His fast?Article. 4 - Whether the mode and order of the temptation were becoming?Question. 42 - OF CHRIST'S DOCTRINE (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether Christ should have preached not only to the Jews, but also to the Gentiles?Article. 2 - Whether Christ should have preached to the Jews without offending them?Article. 3 - Whether Christ should have taught all things openly?Article. 4 - Whether Christ should have committed His doctrine to writing?Question. 43 - OF THE MIRACLES WORKED BY CHRIST, IN GENERAL (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether Christ should have worked miracles?Article. 2 - Whether Christ worked miracles by Divine power?Article. 3 - Whether Christ began to work miracles when He changed water into wine at the marriage feast?Article. 4 - Whether the miracles which Christ worked were a sufficient proof of His Godhead?Article. 1 - Whether those miracles were fitting which Christ worked in spiritual substances?Article. 2 - Whether it was fitting that Christ should work miracles in the heavenly bodies?Article. 3 - Whether Christ worked miracles fittingly on men?Article. 4 - Whether Christ worked miracles fittingly on irrational creatures?Article. 1 - Whether it was fitting that Christ should be transfigured?Article. 2 - Whether this clarity was the clarity of glory?Article. 3 - Whether the witnesses of the transfiguration were fittingly chosen?Article. 4 - Whether the testimony of the Father's voice, saying, 'This is My beloved Son,' was fittingly added?Question. 46 - THE PASSION OF CHRIST (TWELVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether it was necessary for Christ to suffer for the deliverance of the human race?Article. 2 - Whether there was any other possible way of human deliverance besides the Passion of Christ?Article. 3 - Whether there was any more suitable way of delivering the human race than by Christ's Passion?Article. 4 - Whether Christ ought to have suffered on the cross?Article. 5 - Whether Christ endured all suffering?Article. 6 - Whether the pain of Christ's Passion was greater than all other pains?Article. 7 - Whether Christ suffered in His whole soul?Article. 8 - Whether Christ's entire soul enjoyed blessed fruition during the Passion?Article. 9 - Whether Christ suffered at a suitable time?Article. 10 - Whether Christ suffered in a suitable place?Article. 11 - Whether it was fitting for Christ to be crucified with thieves?Article. 12 - Whether Christ's Passion is to be attributed to His Godhead?Question. 47 - OF THE EFFICIENT CAUSE OF CHRIST'S PASSION (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether Christ was slain by another or by Himself?Article. 2 - Whether Christ died out of obedience?Article. 3 - Whether God the Father delivered up Christ to the Passion?Article. 4 - Whether it was fitting for Christ to suffer at the hands of the Gentiles?Article. 5 - Whether Christ's persecutors knew who He was?Article. 6 - Whether the sin of those who crucified Christ was most grievous?Question. 48 - OF THE EFFICIENCY OF CHRIST'S PASSION (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether Christ's Passion brought about our salvation by way of merit?Article. 2 - Whether Christ's Passion brought about our salvation by way of atonement?Article. 3 - Whether Christ's Passion operated by way of sacrifice?Article. 4 - Whether Christ's Passion brought about our salvation by way of redemption?Article. 5 - Whether it is proper to Christ to be the Redeemer?Article. 6 - Whether Christ's Passion brought about our salvation efficiently?Question. 49 - OF THE EFFECTS OF CHRIST'S PASSION (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether we were delivered from sin through Christ's Passion?Article. 2 - Whether we were delivered from the devil's power through Christ's Passion?Article. 3 - Whether men were freed from the punishment of sin through Christ's Passion?Article. 4 - Whether we were reconciled to God through Christ's Passion?Article. 5 - Whether Christ opened the gate of heaven to us by His Passion?Article. 6 - Whether by His Passion Christ merited to be exalted?Question. 50 - OF THE DEATH OF CHRIST (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether it was fitting that Christ should die?Article. 2 - Whether the Godhead was separated from the flesh when Christ died?Article. 3 - Whether in Christ's death there was a severance between His Godhead and His soul?Article. 4 - Whether Christ was a man during the three days of His death?Article. 5 - Whether Christ's was identically the same body living and dead?Article. 6 - Whether Christ's death conduced in any way to our salvation?Article. 1 - Whether it was fitting for Christ to be buried?Article. 2 - Whether Christ was buried in a becoming manner?Article. 3 - Whether Christ's body was reduced to dust in the tomb?Article. 4 - Whether Christ was in the tomb only one day and two nights?Question. 52 - OF CHRIST'S DESCENT INTO HELL (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether it was fitting for Christ to descend into hell?Article. 2 - Whether Christ went down into the hell of the lost?Article. 3 - Whether the whole Christ was in hell?Article. 4 - Whether Christ made any stay in hell?Article. 5 - Whether Christ descending into hell delivered the holy Fathers from thence?Article. 6 - Whether Christ delivered any of the lost from hell?Article. 7 - Whether the children who died in original sin were delivered by Christ?Article. 8 - Whether Christ by His descent into hell delivered souls from purgatory?Question. 53 - OF CHRIST'S RESURRECTION (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether it was necessary for Christ to rise again?Article. 2 - Whether it was fitting for Christ to rise again on the third day?Article. 3 - Whether Christ was the first to rise from the dead?Article. 4 - Whether Christ was the cause of His own Resurrection?Article. 1 - Whether Christ had a true body after His Resurrection?Article. 2 - Whether Christ's body rose glorified? [*Some editions give this article as the third, following the order of the introduction to the question. But this is evident from the first sentence of the body of A[3] (A[2] in the aforesaid editions), that the order of the Leonine edition is correct.]Article. 3 - Whether Christ's body rose again entire?Article. 4 - Whether Christ's body ought to have risen with its scars?Question. 55 - OF THE MANIFESTATION OF THE RESURRECTION (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether Christ's Resurrection ought to have been manifested to all?Article. 2 - Whether it was fitting that the disciples should see Him rise again?Article. 3 - Whether Christ ought to have lived constantly with His disciples after the Resurrection?Article. 4 - Whether Christ should have appeared to the disciples 'in another shape'?Article. 5 - Whether Christ should have demonstrated the truth of His Resurrection by proofs?Article. 6 - Whether the proofs which Christ made use of manifested sufficiently the truth of His Resurrection?Article. 1 - Whether Christ's Resurrection is the cause of the resurrection of our bodies?Article. 2 - Whether Christ's Resurrection is the cause of the resurrection of souls?Question. 57 - OF THE ASCENSION OF CHRIST (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether it was fitting for Christ to ascend into heaven?Article. 2 - Whether Christ's Ascension into heaven belonged to Him according to His Divine Nature?Article. 3 - Whether Christ ascended by His own power?Article. 4 - Whether Christ ascended above all the heavens?Article. 5 - Whether Christ's body ascended above every spiritual creature?Article. 6 - Whether Christ's Ascension is the cause of our salvation?Question. 58 - OF CHRIST'S SITTING AT THE RIGHT HAND OF THE FATHER (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether it is fitting that Christ should sit at the right hand of God the Father?Article. 2 - Whether it belongs to Christ as God to sit at the right hand of the Father?Article. 3 - Whether it belongs to Christ as man to sit at the right hand of the Father?Article. 4 - Whether it is proper to Christ to sit at the right hand of the Father?Question. 59 - OF CHRIST'S JUDICIARY POWER (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether judiciary power is to be specially attributed to Christ?Article. 2 - Whether judiciary power belongs to Christ as man?Article. 3 - Whether Christ acquired His judiciary power by His merits?Article. 4 - Whether judiciary power belongs to Christ with respect to all human affairs?Article. 5 - Whether after the Judgment that takes place in the present time, there remains yet another General Judgment?Article. 6 - Whether Christ's judiciary power extends to the angels?Question. 60 - WHAT IS A SACRAMENT? (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether a sacrament is a kind of sign?Article. 2 - Whether every sign of a holy thing is a sacrament?Article. 3 - Whether a sacrament is a sign of one thing only?Article. 4 - Whether a sacrament is always something sensible?Article. 5 - Whether determinate things are required for a sacrament?Article. 6 - Whether words are required for the signification of the sacraments?Article. 7 - Whether determinate words are required in the sacraments?Article. 8 - Whether it is lawful to add anything to the words in which the sacramental form consists?Article. 1 - Whether sacraments are necessary for man's salvation?Article. 2 - Whether before sin sacraments were necessary to man?Article. 3 - Whether there should have been sacraments after sin, before Christ?Article. 4 - Whether there was need for any sacraments after Christ came?Question. 62 - OF THE SACRAMENTS' PRINCIPAL EFFECT, WHICH IS GRACE (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the sacraments are the cause of grace?Article. 2 - Whether sacramental grace confers anything in addition to the grace of the virtues and gifts?Article. 3 - Whether the sacraments of the New Law contain grace?Article. 4 - Whether there be in the sacraments a power of causing grace?Article. 5 - Whether the sacraments of the New Law derive their power from Christ's Passion?Article. 6 - Whether the sacraments of the Old Law caused grace?Question. 63 - OF THE OTHER EFFECT OF THE SACRAMENTS, WHICH IS A CHARACTER (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether a sacrament imprints a character on the soul?Article. 2 - Whether a character is a spiritual power?Article. 3 - Whether the sacramental character is the character of Christ?Article. 4 - Whether the character be subjected in the powers of the soul?Article. 5 - Whether a character can be blotted out from the soul?Article. 6 - Whether a character is imprinted by each sacrament of the New Law?Question. 64 - OF THE CAUSES OF THE SACRAMENTS (TEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether God alone, or the minister also, works inwardly unto the sacramental effect?Article. 2 - Whether the sacraments are instituted by God alone?Article. 3 - Whether Christ as man had the power of producing the inward sacramental effect?Article. 4 - Whether Christ could communicate to ministers the power which He had in the sacraments?Article. 5 - Whether the sacraments can be conferred by evil ministers?Article. 6 - Whether wicked men sin in administering the sacraments?Article. 7 - Whether angels can administer sacraments?Article. 8 - Whether the minister's intention is required for the validity of a sacrament?Article. 9 - Whether faith is required of necessity in the minister of a sacrament?Article. 10 - Whether the validity of a sacrament requires a good intention in the minister?Article. 1 - Whether there should be seven sacraments?Article. 2 - Whether the order of the sacraments, as given above, is becoming?Article. 3 - Whether the Eucharist is the greatest of the sacraments?Article. 4 - Whether all the sacraments are necessary for salvation?Question. 66 - OF THE SACRAMENT OF BAPTISM (TWELVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether Baptism is the mere washing?Article. 2 - Whether Baptism was instituted after Christ's Passion?Article. 3 - Whether water is the proper matter of Baptism?Article. 4 - Whether plain water is necessary for Baptism?Article. 5 - Whether this be a suitable form of Baptism: 'I baptize thee in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost'?Article. 6 - Whether Baptism can be conferred in the name of Christ?Article. 7 - Whether immersion in water is necessary for Baptism?Article. 8 - Whether trine immersion is essential to Baptism?Article. 9 - Whether Baptism may be reiterated?Article. 10 - Whether the Church observes a suitable rite in baptizing?Article. 11 - Whether three kinds of Baptism are fittingly described---viz. Baptism of Water, of Blood, and of the Spirit?Article. 12 - Whether the Baptism of Blood is the most excellent of these?Question. 67 - OF THE MINISTERS BY WHOM THE SACRAMENT OF BAPTISM IS CONFERRED (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether it is part of a deacon's duty to baptize?Article. 2 - Whether to baptize is part of the priestly office, or proper to that of bishops?Article. 3 - Whether a layman can baptize?Article. 4 - Whether a woman can baptize?Article. 5 - Whether one that is not baptized can confer the sacrament of Baptism?Article. 6 - Whether several can baptize at the same time?Article. 7 - Whether in Baptism it is necessary for someone to raise the baptized from the sacred font?Article. 8 - Whether he who raises anyone from the sacred font is bound to instruct him?Question. 68 - OF THOSE WHO RECEIVE BAPTISM (TWELVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether all are bound to receive Baptism?Article. 2 - Whether a man can be saved without Baptism?Article. 3 - Whether Baptism should be deferred?Article. 4 - Whether sinners should be baptized?Article. 5 - Whether works of satisfaction should be enjoined on sinners that have been baptized?Article. 6 - Whether sinners who are going to be baptized are bound to confess their sins?Article. 7 - Whether the intention of receiving the sacrament of Baptism is required on the part of the one baptized?Article. 8 - Whether faith is required on the part of the one baptized?Article. 9 - Whether children should be baptized?Article. 10 - Whether children of Jews or other unbelievers be baptized against the will of their parents?Article. 11 - Whether a child can be baptized while yet in its mother's womb?Article. 12 - Whether madmen and imbeciles should be baptized?Question. 69 - OF THE EFFECTS OF BAPTISM (TEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether all sins are taken away by Baptism?Article. 2 - Whether man is freed by Baptism from all debt of punishment due to sin?Article. 3 - Whether Baptism should take away the penalties of sin that belong to this life?Article. 4 - Whether grace and virtues are bestowed on man by Baptism?Article. 5 - Whether certain acts of the virtues are fittingly set down as effects of Baptism, to wit---incorporation in Christ, enlightenment, and fruitfulness?Article. 6 - Whether children receive grace and virtue in Baptism?Article. 7 - Whether the effect of Baptism is to open the gates of the heavenly kingdom?Article. 8 - Whether Baptism has an equal effect in all?Article. 9 - Whether insincerity hinders the effect of Baptism?Article. 10 - Whether Baptism produces its effect when the insincerity ceases?Article. 1 - Whether circumcision was a preparation for, and a figure of Baptism?Article. 2 - Whether circumcision was instituted in a fitting manner?Article. 3 - Whether the rite of circumcision was fitting?Article. 4 - Whether circumcision bestowed sanctifying grace?Question. 71 - OF THE PREPARATIONS THAT ACCOMPANY BAPTISM (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether catechism should precede Baptism?Article. 2 - Whether exorcism should precede Baptism?Article. 3 - Whether what is done in the exorcism effects anything, or is a mere sign?Article. 4 - Whether it belongs to a priest to catechize and exorcize the person to be baptized?Question. 72 - CONFIRMATION (Q[72])Article. 1 - Whether confirmation is a sacrament?Article. 2 - Whether chrism is a fitting matter for this sacrament?Article. 3 - Whether it is essential to this sacrament that the chrism which is its matter be previously consecrated by a bishop?Article. 4 - Whether the proper form of this sacrament is: 'I sign thee with the sign of the cross,' etc.?Article. 5 - Whether the sacrament of Confirmation imprints a character?Article. 6 - Whether the character of Confirmation presupposes of necessity, the baptismal character?Article. 7 - Whether sanctifying grace is bestowed in this sacrament?Article. 8 - Whether this sacrament should be given to all?Article. 9 - Whether this sacrament should be given to man on the forehead?Article. 10 - Whether he who is confirmed needs one to stand* for him? [*Literally, 'to hold him']Article. 11 - Whether only a bishop can confer this sacrament?Article. 12 - Whether the rite of this sacrament is appropriate?Question. 73 - OF THE SACRAMENT OF THE EUCHARIST (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the Eucharist is a sacrament?Article. 2 - Whether the Eucharist is one sacrament or several?Article. 3 - Whether the Eucharist is necessary for salvation?Article. 4 - Whether this sacrament is suitably called by various names?Article. 5 - Whether the institution of this sacrament was appropriate?Article. 6 - Whether the Paschal Lamb was the chief figure of this sacrament?Question. 74 - OF THE MATTER OF THIS SACRAMENT (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the matter of this sacrament is bread and wine?Article. 2 - Whether a determinate quantity of bread and wine is required for the matter of this sacrament?Article. 3 - Whether wheaten bread is required for the matter of this sacrament?Article. 4 - Whether this sacrament ought to be made of unleavened bread?Article. 5 - Whether wine of the grape is the proper matter of this sacrament?Article. 6 - Whether water should be mixed with the wine?Article. 7 - Whether the mixing with water is essential to this sacrament?Article. 8 - Whether water should be added in great quantity?Question. 75 - OF THE CHANGE OF BREAD AND WINE INTO THE BODY AND BLOOD OF CHRIST (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the body of Christ be in this sacrament in very truth, or merely as in a figure or sign?Article. 2 - Whether in this sacrament the substance of the bread and wine remains after the consecration?Article. 3 - Whether the substance of the bread or wine is annihilated after the consecration of this sacrament, or dissolved into their original matter?Article. 4 - Whether bread can be converted into the body of Christ?Article. 5 - Whether the accidents of the bread and wine remain in this sacrament after the change?Article. 6 - Whether the substantial form of the bread remains in this sacrament after the consecration?Article. 7 - Whether this change is wrought instantaneously?Article. 8 - Whether this proposition is false: 'The body of Christ is made out of bread'?Question. 76 - OF THE WAY IN WHICH CHRIST IS IN THIS SACRAMENT (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the whole Christ is contained under this sacrament?Article. 2 - Whether the whole Christ is contained under each species of this sacrament?Article. 3 - Whether Christ is entire under every part of the species of the bread and wine?Article. 4 - Whether the whole dimensive quantity of Christ's body is in this sacrament?Article. 5 - Whether Christ's body is in this sacrament as in a place?Article. 6 - Whether Christ's body is in this sacrament movably?Article. 7 - Whether the body of Christ, as it is in this sacrament, can be seen by any eye, at least by a glorified one?Article. 8 - Whether Christ's body is truly there when flesh or a child appears miraculously in this sacrament?Question. 77 - OF THE ACCIDENTS WHICH REMAIN IN THIS SACRAMENT (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the accidents remain in this sacrament without a subject?Article. 2 - Whether in this sacrament the dimensive quantity of the bread or wine is the subject of the other accidents?Article. 3 - Whether the species remaining in this sacrament can change external objects?Article. 4 - Whether the sacramental species can be corrupted?Article. 5 - Whether anything can be generated from the sacramental species?Article. 6 - Whether the sacramental species can nourish?Article. 7 - Whether the sacramental species are broken in this sacrament?Article. 8 - Whether any liquid can be mingled with the consecrated wine?Question. 78 - OF THE FORM OF THIS SACRAMENT (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether this is the form of this sacrament: 'This is My body,' and 'This is the chalice of My blood'?Article. 2 - Whether this is the proper form for the consecration of the bread: 'This is My body'?Article. 3 - Whether this is the proper form for the consecration of the wine: 'This is the chalice of My blood,' etc.?Article. 4 - Whether in the aforesaid words of the forms there be any created power which causes the consecration?Article. 5 - Whether the aforesaid expressions are true?Article. 6 - Whether the form of the consecration of the bread accomplishes its effect before the form of the consecration of the wine be completed?Question. 79 - OF THE EFFECTS OF THIS SACRAMENT (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether grace is bestowed through this sacrament?Article. 2 - Whether the attaining of glory is an effect of this sacrament?Article. 3 - Whether the forgiveness of mortal sin is an effect of this sacrament?Article. 4 - Whether venial sins are forgiven through this sacrament?Article. 5 - Whether the entire punishment due to sin is forgiven through this sacrament?Article. 6 - Whether man is preserved by this sacrament from future sins?Article. 7 - Whether this sacrament benefit others besides the recipients?Article. 8 - Whether the effect of this sacrament is hindered by venial sin?Question. 80 - OF THE USE OR RECEIVING OF THIS SACRAMENT IN GENERAL (TWELVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether there are two ways to be distinguished of eating Christ's body?Article. 2 - Whether it belongs to man alone to eat this sacrament spiritually?Article. 3 - Whether the just man alone may eat Christ sacramentally?Article. 4 - Whether the sinner sins in receiving Christ's body sacramentally?Article. 5 - Whether to approach this sacrament with consciousness of sin is the gravest of all sins?Article. 6 - Whether the priest ought to deny the body of Christ to the sinner seeking it?Article. 7 - Whether the seminal loss that occurs during sleep hinders anyone from receiving this sacrament?Article. 8 - Whether food or drink taken beforehand hinders the receiving of this sacrament?Article. 9 - Whether those who have not the use of reason ought to receive this sacrament?Article. 10 - Whether it is lawful to receive this sacrament daily?Article. 11 - Whether it is lawful to abstain altogether from communion?Article. 12 - Whether it is lawful to receive the body of Christ without the blood?Question. 81 - OF THE USE WHICH CHRIST MADE OF THIS SACRAMENT AT ITS INSTITUTION (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether Christ received His own body and blood?Article. 2 - Whether Christ gave His body to Judas?Article. 3 - Whether Christ received and gave to the disciples His impassible body?Article. 4 - Whether, if this sacrament had been reserved in a pyx, or consecrated at the moment of Christ's death by one of the apostles, Christ Himself would have died there?Question. 82 - OF THE MINISTER OF THIS SACRAMENT (TEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the consecration of this sacrament belongs to a priest alone?Article. 2 - Whether several priests can consecrate one and the same host?Article. 3 - Whether dispensing of this sacrament belongs to a priest alone?Article. 4 - Whether the priest who consecrates is bound to receive this sacrament?Article. 5 - Whether a wicked priest can consecrate the Eucharist?Article. 6 - Whether the mass of a sinful priest is of less worth than the mass of a good priest?Article. 7 - Whether heretics, schismatics, and excommunicated persons can consecrate?Article. 8 - Whether a degraded priest can consecrate this sacrament?Article. 9 - Whether it is permissible to receive communion from heretical, excommunicate, or sinful priests, and to hear mass said by them?Article. 10 - Whether it is lawful for a priest to refrain entirely from consecrating the Eucharist?Question. 83 - OF THE RITE OF THIS SACRAMENT (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether Christ is sacrificed in this sacrament?Article. 2 - Whether the time for celebrating this mystery has been properly determined?Article. 3 - Whether this sacrament ought to be celebrated in a house and with sacred vessels?Article. 4 - Whether the words spoken in this sacrament are properly framed?Article. 5 - Whether the actions performed in celebrating this sacrament are becoming?Article. 6 - Whether the defects occurring during the celebration of this sacrament can be sufficiently met by observing the Church's statutes?Question. 84 - OF THE SACRAMENT OF PENANCE (TEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether Penance is a sacrament?Article. 2 - Whether sins are the proper matter of this sacrament?Article. 3 - Whether the form of this sacrament is: 'I absolve thee'?Article. 4 - Whether the imposition of the priest's hands is necessary for this sacrament?Article. 5 - Whether this sacrament is necessary for salvation?Article. 6 - Whether Penance is a second plank after shipwreck?Article. 7 - Whether this sacrament was suitably instituted in the New Law?Article. 8 - Whether Penance should last till the end of life?Article. 9 - Whether Penance can be continuous?Article. 10 - Whether the sacrament of Penance may be repeated?Article. 1 - Whether Penance is a virtue?Article. 2 - Whether Penance is a special virtue?Article. 3 - Whether the virtue of penance is a species of justice?Article. 4 - Whether the will is properly the subject of penance?Article. 5 - Whether penance originates from fear?Article. 6 - Whether penance is the first of the virtues?Question. 86 - OF THE EFFECT OF PENANCE, AS REGARDS THE PARDON OF MORTAL SIN (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether all sins are taken away by Penance?Article. 2 - Whether sin can be pardoned without Penance?Article. 3 - Whether by Penance one sin can be pardoned without another?Article. 4 - Whether the debt of punishment remains after the guilt has been forgiven through Penance?Article. 5 - Whether the remnants of sin are removed when a mortal sin is forgiven?Article. 6 - Whether the forgiveness of guilt is an effect of Penance?Question. 87 - OF THE REMISSION OF VENIAL SIN (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether venial sin can be forgiven without Penance?Article. 2 - Whether infusion of grace is necessary for the remission of venial sins?Article. 3 - Whether venial sins are removed by the sprinkling of holy water and the like?Article. 4 - Whether venial sin can be taken away without mortal sin?Question. 88 - OF THE RETURN OF SINS WHICH HAVE BEEN TAKEN AWAY BY PENANCE (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether sins once forgiven return through a subsequent sin?Article. 2 - Whether sins that have been forgiven, return through ingratitude which is shown especially in four kinds of sin?Article. 3 - Whether the debt of punishment that arises through ingratitude in respect of a subsequent sin is as great as that of the sins previously pardoned?Article. 4 - Whether the ingratitude whereby a subsequent sin causes the return of previous sins, is a special sin?Question. 89 - OF THE RECOVERY OF VIRTUE BY MEANS OF PENANCE (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the virtues are restored through Penance?Article. 2 - Whether, after Penance, man rises again to equal virtue?Article. 3 - Whether, by Penance, man is restored to his former dignity?Article. 4 - Whether virtuous deeds done in charity can be deadened?Article. 5 - Whether deeds deadened by sin, are revived by Penance?Article. 6 - Whether the effect of subsequent Penance is to quicken even dead works?Article. 1 - Whether Penance should be assigned any parts?Article. 2 - Whether contrition, confession, and satisfaction are fittingly assigned as parts of Penance?Article. 3 - Whether these three are integral parts of Penance?Article. 4 - Whether Penance is fittingly divided into penance before Baptism, penance for mortal sins, and penance for venial sins?EDITOR'S NOTE:Question. 1 - SUPPLEMENT (XP): TO THE THIRD PART OF THE SUMMA THEOLOGICA OF ST. THOMAS AQUINAS GATHERED FROM HIS COMMENTARY ON BOOK IV OF THE SENTENCES (QQ[1] -99)Article. 1 - Whether contrition is an assumed sorrow for sins, together with the purpose of confessing them and of making satisfaction for them?Article. 2 - Whether contrition is an act of virtue?Article. 3 - Whether attrition can become contrition?Question. 2 - OF THE OBJECT OF CONTRITION (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether man should be contrite on account of the punishment, and not only on account of his sin?Article. 2 - Whether contrition should be on account of original sin?Article. 3 - Whether we should have contrition for every actual sin?Article. 4 - Whether a man is bound to have contrition for his future sins?Article. 5 - Whether a man ought to have contrition for another's sin?Article. 6 - Whether it is necessary to have contrition for each mortal sin?Article. 1 - Whether contrition is the greatest possible sorrow in the world?Article. 2 - Whether the sorrow of contrition can be too great?Article. 3 - Whether sorrow for one sin should be greater than for another?Article. 1 - Whether the whole of this life is the time for contrition?Article. 2 - Whether it is expedient to grieve for sin continually?Article. 3 - Whether our souls are contrite for sins even after this life?Article. 1 - Whether the forgiveness of sin is the effect of contrition?Article. 2 - Whether contrition can take away the debt of punishment entirely?Article. 3 - Whether slight contrition suffices to blot out great sins?Question. 6 - OF CONFESSION, AS REGARDS ITS NECESSITY (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether confession is necessary for salvation?Article. 2 - Whether confession is according to the natural law?Article. 3 - Whether all are bound to confession?Article. 4 - Whether it is lawful for a man to confess a sin which he has not committed?Article. 5 - Whether one is bound to confess at once?Article. 6 - Whether one can be dispensed from confession?Article. 1 - Whether Augustine fittingly defines confession?Article. 2 - Whether confession is an act of virtue?Article. 3 - Whether confession is an act of the virtue of penance?Question. 8 - OF THE MINISTER OF CONFESSION (SEVEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether it is necessary to confess to a priest?Article. 2 - Whether it is ever lawful to confess to another than a priest?Article. 3 - Whether, outside a case of necessity, anyone who is not a priest may hear the confession of venial sins?Article. 4 - Whether it is necessary for one to confess to one's own priest?Article. 5 - Whether it is lawful for anyone to confess to another than his own priest, in virtue of a privilege or a command given by a superior?Article. 6 - Whether a penitent, at the point of death, can be absolved by any priest?Article. 7 - Whether the temporal punishment is imposed according to the degree of the fault?Article. 1 - Whether confession can be lacking in form?Article. 2 - Whether confession should be entire?Article. 3 - Whether one may confess through another, or by writing?Article. 4 - Whether the sixteen conditions usually assigned are necessary for confession?Question. 10 - OF THE EFFECT OF CONFESSION (FIVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether confession delivers one from the death of sin?Article. 2 - Whether confession delivers from punishment in some way?Article. 3 - Whether confession opens paradise?Article. 4 - Whether confession gives hope of salvation?Article. 5 - Whether a general confession suffices to blot out forgotten mortal sins?Question. 11 - OF THE SEAL OF CONFESSION (FIVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether in every case the priest is bound to hide the sins which he knows under the seal of confession?Article. 2 - Whether the seal of confession extends to other matters than those which have reference to confession?Article. 3 - Whether the priest alone is bound by the seal of confession?Article. 4 - Whether by the penitent's permission, a priest may reveal to another a sin which he knows under the seal of confession?Article. 5 - Whether a man may reveal that which he knows through confession and through some other source besides?Question. 12 - OF SATISFACTION, AS TO ITS NATURE (THREE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether satisfaction is a virtue or an act of virtue?Article. 2 - Whether satisfaction is an act of justice?Article. 3 - Whether the definition of satisfaction given in the text is suitable?Article. 1 - Whether man can make satisfaction to God?Article. 2 - Whether one man can fulfill satisfactory punishment for another?Question. 14 - OF THE QUALITY OF SATISFACTION (FIVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether a man can satisfy for one sin without satisfying for another?Article. 2 - Whether, when deprived of charity, a man can make satisfaction for sins for which he was previously contrite?Article. 3 - Whether previous satisfaction begins to avail after man is restored to charity?Article. 4 - Whether works done without charity merit any, at least temporal, good?Article. 5 - Whether the aforesaid works avail for the mitigation of the pains of hell?Question. 15 - OF THE MEANS OF MAKING SATISFACTION (THREE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether satisfaction must be made by means of penal works?Article. 2 - Whether the scourges of the present life are satisfactory?Article. 3 - Whether the works of satisfaction are suitably enumerated?Article. 1 - Whether penance can be in the innocent?Article. 2 - Whether the saints in glory have penance?Article. 3 - Whether an angel can be the subject of penance?Question. 17 - OF THE POWER OF THE KEYS (THREE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether there should be keys in the Church?Article. 2 - Whether the key is the power of binding and loosing, etc.?Article. 3 - Whether there are two keys or only one?Question. 18 - OF THE EFFECT OF THE KEYS (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the power of the keys extends to the remission of guilt? [*St. Thomas here follows the opinion of Peter Lombard, and replies in the negative. Later in life he altered his opinion. Cf. TP, Q[62], A[1]; TP, Q[64], A[1]; TP, Q[86], A[6]]Article. 2 - Whether a priest can remit sin as to the punishment?Article. 3 - Whether the priest can bind through the power of the keys?Article. 4 - Whether the priest can bind and loose according to his own judgment?Question. 19 - OF THE MINISTERS OF THE KEYS (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the priest of the Law had the keys?Article. 2 - Whether Christ had the key?Article. 3 - Whether priests alone have the keys?Article. 4 - Whether holy men who are not priests have the keys?Article. 5 - Whether wicked priests have the use of the keys?Article. 6 - Whether those who are schismatics, heretics, excommunicate, suspended or degraded have the use of the keys?Article. 1 - Whether a priest can use the key which he has, on any man?Article. 2 - Whether a priest can always absolve his subject?Article. 3 - Whether a man can use the keys with regard to his superior?Question. 21 - OF THE DEFINITION, CONGRUITY AND CAUSE OF EXCOMMUNICATION (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether excommunication is suitably defined as separation from the communion of the Church, etc?Article. 2 - Whether the Church should excommunicate anyone?Article. 3 - Whether anyone should be excommunicated for inflicting temporal harm?Article. 4 - Whether an excommunication unjustly pronounced has any effect?Question. 22 - OF THOSE WHO CAN EXCOMMUNICATE OR BE EXCOMMUNICATED (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether every priest can excommunicate?Article. 2 - Whether those who are not priests can excommunicate?Article. 3 - Whether a man who is excommunicated or suspended can excommunicate another?Article. 4 - Whether a man can excommunicate himself, his equal, or his superior?Article. 5 - Whether a sentence of excommunication can be passed on a body of men?Article. 6 - Whether a man can be excommunicated who is already under sentence of excommunication?Question. 23 - OF COMMUNICATION WITH EXCOMMUNICATED PERSONS (THREE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether it is lawful, in matters purely corporal, to communicate with an excommunicated person?Article. 2 - Whether a person incurs excommunication for communicating with one who is excommunicated?Article. 3 - Whether it is always a mortal sin to communicate with an excommunicated person in other cases than those in which it is allowed?Article. 1 - Whether any priest can absolve his subject from excommunication?Article. 2 - Whether anyone can be absolved against his will?Article. 3 - Whether a man can be absolved from one excommunication without being absolved from all?Question. 25 - OF INDULGENCES (THREE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether an indulgence can remit any part of the punishment due for the satisfaction of sins?Article. 2 - Whether indulgences are as effective as they claim to be?Article. 3 - Whether an indulgence ought to be granted for temporal help?Question. 26 - OF THOSE WHO CAN GRANT INDULGENCES (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether every parish priest can grant indulgences?Article. 2 - Whether a deacon or another who is not a priest can grant an indulgence?Article. 3 - Whether a bishop can grant indulgences?Article. 4 - Whether indulgences can be granted by one who is in mortal sin?Article. 1 - Whether an indulgence avails those who are in mortal sin?Article. 2 - Whether indulgences avail religious?Article. 3 - Whether an indulgence can ever be granted to one who does not fulfill the conditions required?Article. 4 - Whether an indulgence avails the person who grants it?Article. 1 - Whether a penance should be published or solemnized?Article. 2 - Whether a solemn penance can be repeated?Article. 3 - Whether solemn penance should be imposed on women and clerics, and whether any priest can impose it?Question. 29 - EXTREME UNCTION (QQ[29]-33)Article. 1 - Whether Extreme Unction is a sacrament?Article. 2 - Whether Extreme Unction is one sacrament?Article. 3 - Whether this sacrament was instituted by Christ?Article. 4 - Whether olive oil is a suitable matter for this sacrament?Article. 5 - Whether the oil ought to be consecrated?Article. 6 - Whether the matter of this sacrament need be consecrated by a bishop?Article. 7 - Whether this sacrament has a form?Article. 8 - Whether the form of this sacrament should be expressed by way of assertion or of petition?Article. 9 - Whether the foregoing prayer is a suitable form for this sacrament?Article. 1 - Whether Extreme Unction avails for the remission of sins?Article. 2 - Whether bodily health is an effect of this sacrament?Article. 3 - Whether this sacrament imprints a character?Article. 1 - Whether a layman can confer this sacrament?Article. 2 - Whether deacons can confer this sacrament?Article. 3 - Whether none but a bishop can confer this sacrament?Question. 32 - ON WHOM SHOULD THIS SACRAMENT BE CONFERRED AND ON WHAT PART OF THE BODY? (SEVEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether this sacrament ought to be conferred on those who are in good health?Article. 2 - Whether this sacrament ought to be given in any kind of sickness?Article. 3 - Whether this sacrament ought to be given to madmen and imbeciles?Article. 4 - Whether this sacrament should be given to children?Article. 5 - Whether the whole body should be anointed in this sacrament?Article. 6 - Whether the parts to be anointed are suitably assigned?Article. 7 - Whether those who are deformed in those parts should be anointed?Article. 1 - Whether this sacrament ought to be repeated?Article. 2 - Whether this sacrament ought to be repeated during the same sickness?Question. 34 - HOLY ORDERS (QQ[34]-40)Article. 1 - Whether there should be Order in the Church?Article. 2 - Whether Order is properly defined?Article. 3 - Whether Order is a sacrament?Article. 4 - Whether the form of this sacrament is suitably expressed?Article. 5 - Whether this sacrament has any matter?Question. 35 - OF THE EFFECT OF THIS SACRAMENT (FIVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether sanctifying grace is conferred in the sacrament of Order?Article. 2 - Whether in the sacrament of Order a character is imprinted in connection with all the Orders?Article. 3 - Whether the character of Order presupposes the baptismal character?Article. 4 - Whether the character of Order necessarily presupposes the character of Confirmation?Article. 5 - Whether the character of one Order necessarily presupposes the character of another Order?Question. 36 - OF THE QUALITIES REQUIRED OF THOSE WHO RECEIVE THIS SACRAMENT (FIVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether goodness of life is required of those who receive Orders?Article. 2 - Whether knowledge of all Holy Writ is required?Article. 3 - Whether a man obtains the degrees of Order by the merit of one's life?Article. 4 - Whether he who raises the unworthy to Orders commits a sin?Article. 5 - Whether a man who is in sin can without sin exercise the Order he has received? [*Cf. TP, Q[64], A[6]]Question. 37 - OF THE DISTINCTION OF ORDERS, OF THEIR ACTS, AND THE IMPRINTING OF THE CHARACTER (FIVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether we ought to distinguish several Orders?Article. 2 - Whether there are seven Orders?Article. 3 - Whether the Order should be divided into those that are sacred and those that are not?Article. 4 - Whether the acts of the Orders are rightly assigned in the text?Article. 5 - Whether the character is imprinted on a priest when the chalice is handed to him?Article. 1 - Whether a bishop alone confers the sacrament of Order?Article. 2 - Whether heretics and those who are cut off from the Church can confer Orders? [*Cf. TP, Q[64], AA[5],9]Question. 39 - OF THE IMPEDIMENTS TO THIS SACRAMENT (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the female sex is an impediment to receiving Orders?Article. 2 - Whether boys and those who lack the use of reason can receive Orders?Article. 3 - Whether the state of slavery is an impediment to receiving Orders?Article. 4 - Whether a man should be debarred from receiving Orders on account of homicide?Article. 5 - Whether those of illegitimate birth should be debarred from receiving Orders?Article. 6 - Whether lack of members should be an impediment?Question. 40 - OF THE THINGS ANNEXED TO THE SACRAMENT OF ORDER (SEVEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether those who are ordained ought to wear the tonsure?Article. 2 - Whether the tonsure is an Order?Article. 3 - Whether by receiving the tonsure a man renounces temporal goods?Article. 4 - Whether above the priestly Order there ought to be an episcopal power?Article. 5 - Whether the episcopate is an Order?Article. 6 - Whether in the Church there can be anyone above the bishops?Article. 7 - Whether the vestments of the ministers are fittingly instituted in the Church?Question. 41 - MATRIMONY (QQ[41]-67)Article. 1 - Whether matrimony is of natural law?Article. 2 - Whether matrimony still comes under a precept?Article. 3 - Whether the marriage act is always sinful?Article. 4 - Whether the marriage act is meritorious?Article. 1 - Whether matrimony is a sacrament?Article. 2 - Whether this sacrament ought to have been instituted before sin was committed?Article. 3 - Whether matrimony confers grace?Article. 4 - Whether carnal intercourse is an integral part of this sacrament?Question. 43 - OF MATRIMONY WITH REGARD TO THE BETROTHAL (THREE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether a betrothal is a promise of future marriage?Article. 2 - Whether seven years is fittingly assigned as the age for betrothal?Article. 3 - Whether a betrothal can be dissolved?Article. 1 - Whether matrimony is a kind of joining?Article. 2 - Whether matrimony is fittingly named?Article. 3 - Whether matrimony is fittingly defined in the text?Question. 45 - OF THE MARRIAGE CONSENT CONSIDERED IN ITSELF (FIVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether consent is the efficient cause of matrimony?Article. 2 - Whether the consent needs to be expressed in words?Article. 3 - Whether consent given in words expressive of the future makes a marriage?Article. 4 - Whether, in the absence of inward consent, a marriage is made by consent given in words of the present?Article. 5 - Whether consent given secretly in words of the present makes a marriage?Article. 1 - Whether an oath added to the consent that is expressed in words of the future tense makes a marriage?Article. 2 - Whether carnal intercourse after consent expressed in words of the future makes a marriage?Question. 47 - OF COMPULSORY AND CONDITIONAL CONSENT (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether a compulsory consent is possible?Article. 2 - Whether a constant man can be compelled by fear?Article. 3 - Whether compulsory consent invalidates a marriage?Article. 4 - Whether compulsory consent makes a marriage as regards the party who uses compulsion?Article. 5 - Whether conditional consent makes a marriage?Article. 6 - Whether one can be compelled by one's father's command to marry?Article. 1 - Whether the consent that makes a marriage is a consent to carnal intercourse?Article. 2 - Whether marriage can result from one person's consent to take another for a base motive?Question. 49 - OF THE MARRIAGE GOODS* (SIX ARTICLES) [*'Bona matrimonii,' variously rendered marriage goods, marriage blessings, and advantages of marriage.]Article. 1 - Whether certain blessings are necessary in order to excuse marriage?Article. 2 - Whether the goods of marriage are sufficiently enumerated?Article. 3 - Whether the sacrament is the chief of the marriage goods?Article. 4 - Whether the marriage act is excused by the aforesaid goods?Article. 5 - Whether the marriage act can be excused without the marriage goods?Article. 6 - Whether it is a mortal sin for a man to have knowledge of his wife, with the intention not of a marriage good but merely of pleasure?Article. 1 - Whether it is fitting that impediments should be assigned to marriage?Article. 1 - Whether it is right to reckon error as an impediment to marriage?Article. 2 - Whether every error is an impediment to matrimony?Question. 52 - OF THE IMPEDIMENT OF THE CONDITION OF SLAVERY (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the condition of slavery is an impediment to matrimony?Article. 2 - Whether a slave can marry without his master's consent?Article. 3 - Whether slavery can supervene to marriage?Article. 4 - Whether children should follow the condition of their father?Article. 1 - Whether marriage already contracted should be annulled by the obligation of a simple vow?Article. 2 - Whether a solemn vow dissolves a marriage already contracted?Article. 3 - Whether order is an impediment to matrimony?Article. 4 - Whether a sacred order cannot supervene to matrimony?Question. 54 - OF THE IMPEDIMENT OF CONSANGUINITY (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether consanguinity is rightly defined?Article. 2 - Whether consanguinity is fittingly distinguished by degrees and lines?Article. 3 - Whether consanguinity is an impediment to marriage by virtue of the natural law?Article. 4 - Whether the degrees of consanguinity that are an impediment to marriage could be fixed by the Church?Question. 55 - OF THE IMPEDIMENT OF AFFINITY (ELEVEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether a person contracts affinity through the marriage of a blood-relation?Article. 2 - Whether affinity remains after the death of husband or wife?Article. 3 - Whether unlawful intercourse causes affinity?Article. 4 - Whether affinity is caused by betrothal?Article. 5 - Whether affinity is a cause of affinity?Article. 6 - Whether affinity is an impediment to marriage?Article. 7 - Whether affinity in itself admits of degrees?Article. 8 - Whether the degrees of affinity extend in the same way as the degrees of consanguinity?Article. 9 - Whether a marriage contracted by persons with the degrees of affinity or consanguinity should always be annulled?Article. 10 - Whether it is necessary to proceed by way of accusation for the annulment of a marriage contracted by persons related to each other by affinity or consanguinity?Article. 11 - Whether in a suit of this kind one should proceed by hearing witnesses in the same way as in other suits?Article. 1 - Whether spiritual relationship is an impediment to marriage?Article. 2 - Whether spiritual relationship is contracted by baptism only?Article. 3 - Whether spiritual relationship is contracted between the person baptized and the person who raises him from the sacred font?Article. 4 - Whether spiritual relationship passes from husband to wife?Article. 5 - Whether spiritual relationship passes to the godfather's carnal children?Article. 1 - Whether adoption is rightly defined?Article. 2 - Whether a tie that is an impediment to marriage is contracted through adoption?Article. 3 - Whether legal relationship is contracted only between the adopting father and the adopted child?Article. 1 - Whether impotence is an impediment to marriage?Article. 2 - Whether a spell can be an impediment to marriage?Article. 3 - Whether madness is an impediment to marriage?Article. 4 - Whether marriage is annulled by the husband committing incest with his wife's sister?Article. 5 - Whether defective age is an impediment to marriage?Question. 59 - OF DISPARITY OF WORSHIP AS AN IMPEDIMENT TO MARRIAGE (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether a believer can marry an unbeliever?Article. 2 - Whether there can be marriage between unbelievers?Article. 3 - Whether the husband, being converted to the faith, may remain with his wife is she be unwilling to be converted?Article. 4 - Whether a believer can, after his conversion, put away his unbelieving wife if she be willing to cohabit with him without insult to the Creator?Article. 5 - Whether the believer who leaves his unbelieving wife can take another wife?Article. 6 - Whether other sins dissolve marriage?Article. 1 - Whether it is lawful for a man to kill his wife if she be discovered in the act of adultery?Article. 2 - Whether wife-murder is an impediment to marriage?Question. 61 - OF THE IMPEDIMENT TO MARRIAGE, ARISING FROM A SOLEMN VOW (THREE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether one party after the marriage has been consummated can enter religion without the other's consent?Article. 2 - Whether before the marriage has been consummated one consort can enter religion without the other's consent?Article. 3 - Whether the wife may take another husband if her husband has entered religion before the consummation of the marriage?Question. 62 - OF THE IMPEDIMENT THAT SUPERVENES TO MARRIAGE AFTER ITS CONSUMMATION, NAMELY FORNICATION (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether it is lawful for a husband to put away his wife on account of fornication?Article. 2 - Whether the husband is bound by precept to put away his wife when she is guilty of fornication?Article. 3 - Whether the husband can on his own judgment put away his wife on account of fornication?Article. 4 - Whether in a case of divorce husband and wife should be judged on a par with each other?Article. 5 - Whether a husband can marry again after having a divorce?Article. 6 - Whether husband and wife may be reconciled after being divorced?Article. 1 - Whether a second marriage is lawful?Article. 2 - Whether a second marriage is a sacrament?Question. 64 - OF THE THINGS ANNEXED TO MARRIAGE, AND FIRST OF THE PAYMENT OF THE MARRIAGE DEBT (TEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether husband and wife are mutually bound to the payment of the marriage debt?Article. 2 - Whether a husband is bound to pay the debt if his wife does not ask for it?Article. 3 - Whether it is allowable for a menstruous wife to ask for the marriage debt? [*This and the Fourth Article are omitted in the Leonine edition.]Article. 4 - Whether a menstruous woman should or may lawfully pay the marriage debt to her husband if he ask for it? [*This and the previous article are omitted in the Leonine edition.]Article. 5 - Whether husband and wife are equal in the marriage act?Article. 6 - Whether husband and wife can take a vow contrary to the marriage debt without their mutual consent?Article. 7 - Whether it is forbidden to demand the debt on holy days?Article. 8 - Whether it is a mortal sin to ask for the debt at a holy time?Article. 9 - Whether one spouse is bound to pay the debt to the other at a festal time?Article. 10 - Whether weddings should be forbidden at certain times? [*This article is omitted in the Leonine edition.]Question. 65 - OF PLURALITY OF WIVES (FIVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether it is against the natural law to have several wives?Article. 2 - Whether it was ever lawful to have several wives?Article. 3 - Whether it is against the natural law to have a concubine?Article. 4 - Whether it is a mortal sin to have intercourse with a concubine?Article. 5 - Whether it was ever lawful to have a concubine?Question. 66 - OF BIGAMY AND OF THE IRREGULARITY CONTRACTED THEREBY (FIVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether irregularity attaches to bigamy?Article. 2 - Whether irregularity results from bigamy, when one husband has two wives, one in law, the other in fact?Article. 3 - Whether irregularity is contracted by marrying one who is not a virgin?Article. 4 - Whether bigamy is removed by Baptism?Article. 5 - Whether it is lawful for a bigamist to receive a dispensation?Question. 67 - OF THE BILL OF DIVORCE (SEVEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether inseparableness of the wife is of natural law?Article. 2 - Whether it may have been lawful by dispensation to put away a wife?Article. 3 - Whether it was lawful to divorce a wife under the Mosaic law?Article. 4 - Whether it was lawful for a divorced wife to have another husband?Article. 5 - Whether a husband could lawfully take back the wife he had divorced?Article. 6 - Whether the reason for divorce was hatred for the wife?Article. 7 - Whether the causes of divorce had to be written in the bill?Article. 1 - Whether children born out of true marriage are illegitimate?Article. 2 - Whether children should suffer any loss through being illegitimate?Article. 3 - Whether an illegitimate son can be legitimized?Question. 69 - OF MATTERS CONCERNING THE RESURRECTION, AND FIRST OF THE PLACE WHERE SOULS ARE AFTER DEATH (SEVEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether places are appointed to receive souls after death?Article. 2 - Whether souls are conveyed to heaven or hell immediately after death?Article. 3 - Whether the souls who are in heaven or hell are able to go from thence?Article. 4 - Whether the limbo of hell is the same as Abraham's bosom?Article. 5 - Whether limbo is the same as the hell of the damned?Article. 6 - Whether the limbo of children is the same as the limbo of the Fathers?Article. 7 - Whether so many abodes should be distinguished?Question. 70 - OF THE QUALITY OF THE SOUL AFTER LEAVING THE BODY, AND OF THE PUNISHMENT INFLICTED ON IT BY MATERIAL FIRE (THREE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the sensitive powers remain in the separated soul? [*Cf. FP, Q[77], A[8]]Article. 2 - Whether the acts of the sensitive powers remain in the separated soul?Article. 3 - Whether the separated soul can suffer from a bodily fire?Question. 71 - OF THE SUFFRAGES FOR THE DEAD (FOURTEEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the suffrages of one person can profit others?Article. 2 - Whether the dead can be assisted by the works of the living?Article. 3 - Whether suffrages performed by sinners profit the dead?Article. 4 - Whether suffrages offered by the living for the dead profit those who offer them?Article. 5 - Whether suffrages profit those who are in hell?Article. 6 - Whether suffrages profit those who are in purgatory?Article. 7 - Whether suffrages avail the children who are in limbo?Article. 8 - Whether suffrages profit the saints in heaven?Article. 9 - Whether the prayers of the Church, the sacrifice of the altar and alms profit the departed?Article. 10 - Whether the indulgences of the Church profit the dead?Article. 11 - Whether the burial service profits the dead?Article. 12 - Whether suffrages offered for one deceased person profit the person for whom they are offered more than others?Article. 13 - Whether suffrages offered for several are of as much value to each one as if they had been offered for each in particular?Article. 14 - Whether general suffrages avail those for whom special suffrages are not offered, as much as special suffrages avail those for whom they are offered in addition to general suffrages?Article. 1 - Whether the saints have knowledge of our prayers?Article. 2 - Whether we ought to call upon the saints to pray for us?Article. 3 - Whether the prayers which the saints pour forth to God for us are always granted?Article. 1 - Whether any signs will precede the Lord's coming to judgment?Article. 2 - Whether towards the time of the judgment the sun and moon will be darkened in very truth?Article. 3 - Whether the virtues of heaven will be moved when our Lord shall come?Question. 74 - OF THE FIRE OF THE FINAL CONFLAGRATION (NINE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the world is to be cleansed?Article. 2 - Whether the cleansing of the world will be effected by fire?Article. 3 - Whether the fire whereby the world will be cleansed will be of the same species with elemental fire?Article. 4 - Whether that fire will cleanse also the higher heavens?Article. 5 - Whether that fire will consume the other elements?Article. 6 - Whether all the elements will be cleansed by that fire?Article. 7 - Whether the fire of the final conflagration is to follow the judgment?Article. 8 - Whether that fire will have such an effect on men as is described?Article. 9 - Whether that fire will engulf the wicked?Question. 75 - OF THE RESURRECTION (THREE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether there is to be a resurrection of the body?Article. 2 - Whether the resurrection will be for all without exception?Article. 3 - Whether the resurrection is natural?Article. 1 - Whether the resurrection of Christ is the cause of our resurrection?Article. 2 - Whether the sound of the trumpet will be the cause of our resurrection?Article. 3 - Whether the angels will do anything towards the resurrection?Article. 1 - Whether the time of our resurrection should be delayed till the end of the world?Article. 2 - Whether the time of our resurrection is hidden?Article. 3 - Whether the resurrection will take place at night-time?Article. 4 - Whether the resurrection will happen suddenly or by degrees?Article. 1 - Whether death will be the term 'wherefrom' of the resurrection in all cases?Article. 2 - Whether all will rise again from ashes?Article. 3 - Whether the ashes from which the human body will be restored have any natural inclination towards the soul which will be united to them?Question. 79 - OF THE CONDITIONS OF THOSE WHO RISE AGAIN, AND FIRST OF THEIR IDENTITY (THREE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether in the resurrection the soul will be reunited to the same identical body?Article. 2 - Whether it will be identically the same man that shall rise again?Article. 3 - Whether the ashes of the human body must needs, by the resurrection, return to the same parts of the body that were dissolved into them?Question. 80 - OF THE INTEGRITY OF THE BODIES IN THE RESURRECTION (FIVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether all the members of the human body will rise again?Article. 2 - Whether the hair and nails will rise again in the human body?Article. 3 - Whether the humors will rise again in the body?Article. 4 - Whether whatever in the body belonged to the truth of human nature will rise again in it?Article. 5 - Whether whatever was materially in a man's members will all rise again?Article. 1 - Whether all will rise again of the same age?Article. 2 - Whether all will rise again of the same stature?Article. 3 - Whether all will rise again of the male sex?Article. 4 - Whether all will rise again to animal life so as to exercise the functions of nutrition and generation?Question. 82 - OF THE IMPASSIBILITY OF THE BODIES OF THE BLESSED AFTER THEIR RESURRECTION (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the bodies of the saints will be impassible after the resurrection?Article. 2 - Whether all will be equally impassible?Article. 3 - Whether impassibility excludes actual sensation from glorified bodies?Article. 4 - Whether in the blessed, after the resurrection, all the senses will be in act?Question. 83 - OF THE SUBTLETY OF THE BODIES OF THE BLESSED (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether subtlety is a property of the glorified body?Article. 2 - Whether by reason of this subtlety a glorified body is able to be in the same place with another body not glorified?Article. 3 - Whether it is possible, by a miracle, for two bodies to be in the same place?Article. 4 - Whether one glorified body can be in the same place together with another glorified body?Article. 5 - Whether by virtue of its subtlety a glorified body will no longer need to be in an equal place?Article. 6 - Whether the glorified body, by reason of its subtlety, will be impalpable?Article. 1 - Whether the glorified bodies will be agile?Article. 2 - Whether the saints will never use their agility for the purpose of movement?Article. 3 - Whether the movement of the saints will be instantaneous?Article. 1 - Whether clarity is becoming to the glorified body?Article. 2 - Whether the clarity of the glorified body is visible to the non-glorified eye?Article. 3 - Whether a glorified body will be necessarily seen by a non-glorified body?Article. 1 - Whether the bodies of the damned will rise again with their deformities?Article. 2 - Whether the bodies of the damned will be incorruptible?Article. 3 - Whether the bodies of the damned will be impassible?Question. 87 - OF THE KNOWLEDGE WHICH, AFTER RISING AGAIN, MEN WILL HAVE AT THE JUDGMENT CONCERNING MERITS AND DEMERITS (THREE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether after the resurrection every one will know what sins he has committed?Article. 2 - Whether every one will be able to read all that is in another's conscience?Article. 3 - Whether all merits and demerits, one's own as well as those of others, will be seen by anyone at a single glance?Question. 88 - OF THE GENERAL JUDGMENT, AS TO THE TIME AND PLACE AT WHICH IT WILL BE (FOUR ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether there will be a general judgment?Article. 2 - Whether the judgment will take place by word of mouth?Article. 3 - Whether the time of the future judgment is unknown?Article. 4 - Whether the judgment will take place in the valley of Josaphat?Question. 89 - OF THOSE WHO WILL JUDGE AND OF THOSE WHO WILL BE JUDGED AT THE GENERAL JUDGMENT (EIGHT ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether any men will judge together with Christ?Article. 2 - Whether the judicial power corresponds to voluntary poverty?Article. 3 - Whether the angels will judge?Article. 4 - Whether the demons will carry out the sentence of the Judge on the damned?Article. 5 - Whether all men will be present at the judgment?Article. 6 - Whether the good will be judged at the judgment?Article. 7 - Whether the wicked will be judged?Article. 8 - Whether at the coming judgment the angels will be judged?Article. 1 - Whether Christ will judge under the form of His humanity?Article. 2 - Whether at the judgment Christ will appear in His glorified humanity?Article. 3 - Whether the Godhead can be seen by the wicked without joy?Question. 91 - OF THE QUALITY OF THE WORLD AFTER THE JUDGMENT (FIVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the world will be renewed?Article. 2 - Whether the movement of the heavenly bodies will cease?Article. 3 - Whether the brightness of the heavenly bodies will be increased at this renewal?Article. 4 - Whether the elements will be renewed by an addition of brightness?Article. 5 - Whether the plants and animals will remain in this renewal?Question. 92 - OF THE VISION OF THE DIVINE ESSENCE IN REFERENCE TO THE BLESSED* (THREE ARTICLES) [*Cf. FP, Q[12]]Article. 1 - Whether the human intellect can attain to the vision of God in His essence?Article. 2 - Whether after the resurrection the saints will see God with the eyes of the body? [*Cf. FP, Q[12], A[3]]Article. 3 - Whether the saints, seeing God, see all that God sees? [*Cf. FP, Q[12], AA[7],8]Article. 1 - Whether the happiness of the saints will be greater after the judgment than before?Article. 2 - Whether the degrees of beatitude should be called mansions?Article. 3 - Whether the various mansions are distinguished according to the various degrees of charity?Article. 1 - Whether the blessed in heaven will see the sufferings of the damned?Article. 2 - Whether the blessed pity the unhappiness of the damned?Article. 3 - Whether the blessed rejoice in the punishment of the wicked?Question. 95 - OF THE GIFTS* OF THE BLESSED (FIVE ARTICLES) [*The Latin 'dos' signifies a dowry.]Article. 1 - Whether any gifts should be assigned as dowry to the blessed?Article. 2 - Whether the dowry is the same as beatitude*? [*Cf. FP, Q[12], A[7], ad 1; FS, Q[4], A[3]]Article. 3 - Whether it is fitting that Christ should receive a dowry?Article. 4 - Whether the angels receive the dowries?Article. 5 - Whether three dowries of the soul are suitably assigned?Question. 96 - OF THE AUREOLES (THIRTEEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the aureole is the same as the essential reward which is called the aurea?Article. 2 - Whether the aureole differs from the fruit?Article. 3 - Whether a fruit is due to the virtue of continence alone?Article. 4 - Whether three fruits are fittingly assigned to the three parts of continence?Article. 5 - Whether an aureole is due on account of virginity?Article. 6 - Whether an aureole is due to martyrs?Article. 7 - Whether an aureole is due to doctors?Article. 8 - Whether an aureole is due to Christ?Article. 9 - Whether an aureole is due to the angels?Article. 10 - Whether an aureole is also due to the body?Article. 11 - Whether three aureoles are fittingly assigned, those of virgins, of martyrs, and of doctors?Article. 12 - Whether the virgin's aureole is the greatest of all?Article. 13 - Whether one person has an aureole more excellently than another person?Question. 97 - OF THE PUNISHMENT OF THE DAMNED (SEVEN ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether in hell the damned are tormented by the sole punishment of fire?Article. 2 - Whether the worm of the damned is corporeal?Article. 3 - Whether the weeping of the damned will be corporeal?Article. 4 - Whether the damned are in material darkness?Article. 5 - Whether the fire of hell will be corporeal?Article. 6 - Whether the fire of hell is of the same species as ours?Article. 7 - Whether the fire of hell is beneath the earth?Question. 98 - OF THE WILL AND INTELLECT OF THE DAMNED (NINE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether every act of will in the damned is evil?Article. 2 - Whether the damned repent of the evil they have done?Article. 3 - Whether the damned by right and deliberate reason would wish not to be?Article. 4 - Whether in hell the damned would wish others were damned who are not damned?Article. 5 - Whether the damned hate God?Article. 6 - Whether the damned demerit?Article. 7 - Whether the damned can make use of the knowledge they had in this world? [*Cf. FP, Q[89]]Article. 8 - Whether the damned will ever think of God?Article. 9 - Whether the damned see the glory of the blessed?Question. 99 - OF GOD'S MERCY AND JUSTICE TOWARDS THE DAMNED (FIVE ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether by Divine justice an eternal punishment is inflicted on sinners? [*Cf. FS, Q[87], AA[3],4]Article. 2 - Whether by God's mercy all punishment of the damned, both men and demons, comes to an end?Article. 3 - Whether God's mercy suffers at least men to be punished eternally?Article. 4 - Whether the punishment of Christians is brought to an end by the mercy of God?Article. 5 - Whether all those who perform works of mercy will be punished eternally?Question. 1 - OF THE QUALITY OF THOSE SOULS WHO DEPART THIS LIFE WITH ORIGINAL SIN ONLY (TWO ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether those souls which depart with original sin alone, suffer from a bodily fire, and are punished by fire?Article. 2 - Whether these same souls suffer spiritual affliction on account of the state in which they are?Question. 2 - OF THE QUALITY OF SOULS WHO EXPIATE ACTUAL SIN OR ITS PUNISHMENT IN PURGATORY (SIX ARTICLES)Article. 1 - Whether the pains of Purgatory surpass all the temporal pains of this life?Article. 2 - Whether this punishment is voluntary?Article. 3 - Whether the soul in Purgatory are punished by the demons?Article. 4 - Whether venial sin is expiated by the pains of Purgatory as regards the guilt?Article. 5 - Whether the fire of Purgatory delivers from the debt of punishment?Article. 6 - Whether one person is delivered from this punishment sooner than another?Article. 1 - Whether there is a Purgatory after this life?Article. 2 - Whether it is the same place where souls are cleansed, and the damned punished?

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Article. 5 - Whether those of illegitimate birth should be debarred from receiving Orders?

Objection 1: It would seem that those who are of illegitimate birth should not be debarred from receiving Orders. For the son should not bear the of the father (Ezech. 18:20); and yet he would if this were an impediment to his receiving Orders. Therefore, etc.

Objection 2: Further, one's own fault is a greater impediment than the fault of another. Now unlawful intercourse does not always debar a man from receiving Orders. Therefore neither should he be debarred by the unlawful intercourse of his father.

On the contrary, It is written (Dt. 23:2): "A mamzer, that is to say, one born of a prostitute, shall not enter into the Church of the Lord until the tenth generation." Much less therefore should he be ordained.

I answer that, Those who are ordained are placed in a position of dignity over others. Hence by a kind of propriety it is requisite that they should be without reproach, not for the validity but for the lawfulness of the , namely that they should be of good repute, bedecked with a virtuous life, and not publicly . And since a man's good name is bedimmed by a sinful origin, therefore those also who are born of an unlawful union are debarred from receiving orders, unless they receive a dispensation; and this is the more difficult to obtain, according as their origin is more discreditable.

Reply to Objection 1: Irregularity is not a punishment due for sin. Hence it is clear that those who are of illegitimate birth do not bear the of their father through being irregular.

Reply to Objection 2: What a man does by his own act can be removed by and by a contrary act; not so the things which are from nature. Hence the comparison fails between sinful act and sinful origin.